The product of Perkin condensation has to be written Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions, In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation. In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid. In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction. In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 18, Problem 62P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The product of Perkin condensation has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The compound formed after addition of water to the product of Perkin condensation has to be written.

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The product of Knoevenagal condensation has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: A compound formed after product of Perkin condensation is heated in an acidic medium has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

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There are other condensation reactions similar to the aldol and Claisen condensations:a. The Perkin condensation is the condensation of an aromatic aldehyde and acetic anhydride. Draw the product obtained from the following Perkincondensation: b. What compound is formed if water is added to the product of a Perkin condensation?c. The Knoevenagel condensation is the condensation of an aldehyde or a ketone that has no a-hydrogens and a compound such as diethyl malonatethat has an a-carbon flanked by two electron-withdrawing groups. Draw the product obtained from the following Knoevenagel condensation: d. What product is obtained when the product of a Knoevenagel condensation is heated in an aqueous acidic solution?

There are other condensation reactions similar to the aldol and Claisen condensations: a. The Perkin condensation is the condensation of an aromatic aldehyde and acetic anhydride. Draw the product obtained from the following Perkin condensation

The Knoevenagel condensation reaction is a variant of the aldol reaction. A major drawback of the aldol reaction is self-aldehyde condensation. Identify the starting material in the Knoevenagel reaction that suppresses self-condensation and explainyour choice.

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 18, Problem 62P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The product of Perkin condensation has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The compound formed after addition of water to the product of Perkin condensation has to be written.

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The product of Knoevenagal condensation has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: A compound formed after product of Perkin condensation is heated in an acidic medium has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 18, Problem 62P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The product of Perkin condensation has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The compound formed after addition of water to the product of Perkin condensation has to be written.

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The product of Knoevenagal condensation has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: A compound formed after product of Perkin condensation is heated in an acidic medium has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 18, Problem 62P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The product of Perkin condensation has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The compound formed after addition of water to the product of Perkin condensation has to be written.

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The product of Knoevenagal condensation has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: A compound formed after product of Perkin condensation is heated in an acidic medium has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

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Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 62P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The product of Perkin condensation has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The compound formed after addition of water to the product of Perkin condensation has to be written.

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The product of Knoevenagal condensation has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: A compound formed after product of Perkin condensation is heated in an acidic medium has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 62P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The product of Perkin condensation has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 62P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The product of Perkin condensation has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The compound formed after addition of water to the product of Perkin condensation has to be written.

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The compound formed after addition of water to the product of Perkin condensation has to be written.

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The product of Knoevenagal condensation has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The product of Knoevenagal condensation has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: A compound formed after product of Perkin condensation is heated in an acidic medium has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: A compound formed after product of Perkin condensation is heated in an acidic medium has to be written

Concept introduction: For the given condensation reactions,

In first case, acetic anhydride is treated with a base and a proton is abstracted. The enolate ion thus formed attacks carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. Loss of water molecule results in the formation of the product of Perkin condensation.

In second case, water is added to the product of Perkin condensation and it causes hydrolysis of the ester to form an acid.

In third case, diethyl malonate is treated with a base and enolate ion is formed. Enolate ion attacks a molecule of benzaldehyde and forms an intermediate species. Loss of a water molecule results in the formation of the product of Knoevenagel reaction.

In fourth case, the product of Knoevenagel reaction on acidic hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid and on heating undergoes decarboxylation.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 18.1 - Prob. 1P Ch. 18.1 - Prob. 2P Ch. 18.1 - Prob. 3P Ch. 18.1 - Prob. 4P Ch. 18.1 - PROBLEM 5♦ List the compounds in each of the...Ch. 18.2 - Explain why 92% of 2,4-pemtanedione exists as the...Ch. 18.3 - Draw the enol tautomers for each of the following...Ch. 18.3 - Prob. 8P Ch. 18.4 - Prob. 9P Ch. 18.4 - Prob. 10P

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Chapter 18 Solutions