Concept explainers
a)
Interpretation: Percentage of
Concept introduction: Covalent bonds exist in molecules when electrons are shared between bonded atoms. These bonds are result of overlap between two or more atoms. Such bonds are also called molecular bonds.
b)
Interpretation: Percentage of intermolecular forces that were broken is to be determined.
Concept introduction: Intermolecular forces are types of forces that are responsible to hold atoms together in a molecule. There are various types of intermolecular forces as follows:
1. Hydrogen bonding:
As is evident from its name, these types of forces exist if hydrogen is present. Such forces are present when hydrogen atom bonds with highly electronegative elements like
2. Ion-dipole forces:
This force exists between ion and molecules with dipole moment in them. Attraction exists between ion and oppositely charged end of the dipole.
3. Ion-induced dipole forces:
When an ion approaches a non-polar molecule, it induces a temporary dipole in it. Ion gets attracted to the oppositely charged part of the dipole induced in the molecule.
4. Induced dipole-induced dipole attraction:
These forces are also known as London dispersion forces or van der Waals forces. Such forces are present between various atoms and molecules. These are observed generally in non-polar molecules, halogens, and noble gases.
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Chapter 4 Solutions
Organic Chemistry: A Guided Inquiry
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- What type of intermolecular does KCL?arrow_forwardC. Explain the following occurrences in terms of molecular polarity and intermolecular forces. 1. Oils or fats cannot be removed by water alone. But oil can be removed when soap is used together with water. Structure of soap and fatty acid is shown below; (I did not show the structure of water because you know it already.) HH H Na HO-C-C- c-C-C-C-H HHHH HH Soap Fatty acidarrow_forward77. The number of mokes of H, needed to complete ly saturate 1 mole of vitamin A is HO. 78. The determine whether organic compounds are soluble in polar or non-polar solvents, whether they have high or low melt ing and boiling points, or whether they react with other molecules. 79, The melt ing and boiling points of organic compounds are dependent on the between the molecules.arrow_forward
- Consider the data in the table. Compound Melting point (°C) ????? (??/???)ΔHfus (kJ/mol) Boiling point (°C) ????? (??/???)ΔHvap (kJ/mol) HFHF −83.11 4.577 19.54 25.18 HClHCl −114.3 1.991 −84.9 17.53 HBrHBr −86.96 2.406 −67.0 19.27 HIHI −50.91 2.871 −35.38 21.16 Using the data in the table, calculate Δ?fus and Δ?vap for HF. Δ?fus= J/(K⋅mol) Δ?vap= J/(K⋅mol) Determine the entropy change when 8.70 mol HF(g) condenses at atmospheric pressure. Δ?= J/Karrow_forwardConsider the data in the table. Compound Melting point (°C) ????? (??/???)ΔHfus (kJ/mol) Boiling point (°C) ????? (??/???)ΔHvap (kJ/mol) HFHF −83.11 4.577 19.54 25.18 HClHCl −114.3 1.991 −84.9 17.53 HBrHBr −86.96 2.406 −67.0 19.27 HIHI −50.91 2.871 −35.38 21.16 Using the data in the table, calculate Δ?fusΔSfus and Δ?vapΔSvap for HF.HF. Δ?fus=ΔSfus= J/(K⋅mol)J/(K⋅mol) Δ?vap=ΔSvap= J/(K⋅mol)J/(K⋅mol) Determine the entropy change when 7.60 mol HF(l)7.60 mol HF(l) boils at atmospheric pressure. Δ?=ΔS= J/Karrow_forwardThe highest the Pvap, the highest the boiling point. True or False?arrow_forward
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