Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 21.2, Problem 3SB
Summary Introduction
To review:
When the genotype frequencies stop changing, if the conditions of the
Introduction:
The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes the establishment of genotype frequencies in sexually-reproducing organisms. Genetic equilibrium will be achieved if the given conditions are followed:
1) No mutations occur in a population.
2) Population is closed to migration from other population.
3) Individuals in a population mate randomly with their genotypes.
4) All genotypes in a population survive and are able to reproduce.
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Using the observed counts for each genotype, how do you find the expected values with those numbers and the frequencies?
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Suppose there is an autosomal locus of 2 alleles, A1 and A2, with probabilities (frequencies) p1 and p2, and the genotype probabilities (frequencies) are P(A1A1) = p1*p1, P(A1A2) = 2*p1*p2, and P(A2A2) = p2*p2, respectively. Prove the Hardy-Weinberg Law, i.e., after one generation of random mating, the genotype probabilities (frequencies) in the offspring are also P(A1A1) = p1*p1, P(A1A2) = 2*p1*p2, and P(A2A2) = p2*p2. Hint: List all possible combinations of random mating. Then list the probabilities of the resulting genotype probabilities (frequencies) in the offspring. Combine the probabilities of random mating and resulting genotype probabilities (frequencies) in the offspring.
Chapter 21 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 21.1 - If a population of skunks includes some...Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 2SBCh. 21.1 - What factors contribute to phenotypic variation in...Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 1SBCh. 21.2 - Why is the Hardy-Weinberg principle considered a...Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 3SBCh. 21.3 - Which agents of microevolution tend to increase...Ch. 21.3 - Which mode of natural selection increases the...Ch. 21.3 - In what way is sexual selection like directional...Ch. 21.4 - How does the diploid condition protect harmful...
Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 2SBCh. 21.4 - Prob. 3SBCh. 21.5 - How can a biologist test whether a trait is...Ch. 21.5 - Why are most organisms adapted to the environments...Ch. 21 - The reason spontaneous mutations do not have an...Ch. 21 - The phenomenon in which chance events cause...Ch. 21 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 21 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 21 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 21 - Which of the following represents an example of...Ch. 21 - A population of mice is at HardyWeinberg...Ch. 21 - If the genotype frequencies in a population are...Ch. 21 - An Eastern European immigrant carrying the allele...Ch. 21 - If a storm kills many small sparrows in a...Ch. 21 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 21 - Discuss Concepts Many human diseases are caused by...Ch. 21 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 21 - Apply Evolutionary Thinking Captive breeding...Ch. 21 - Prob. 15TYKCh. 21 - Design an experiment to test the hypothesis that...Ch. 21 - Peter and Rosemary Grant of Princeton University...
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- What is the first variable that can be calculated given these data, and what is the final variable we are requesting you to calculate? "In Finland, 256 people out of 10,000 are homozygous for the CCR5 allele mutation resulting in HIV resistance. Assuming the locus is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected genotype frequency of heterozygous carriers for the CCR5 mutation?"arrow_forwardWhich Hardy-Weinberg equation relates the frequencies of the alleles at a particular gene locus?arrow_forwardin the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what do the terms p2, q2, and 2pq represent, in terms of the genetic structure of a population?arrow_forward
- Consider a locus with two alleles, A and a. If the frequency of AA is 0.30, what is the frequency of A under Hardy-Weinberg?arrow_forwardWhat is the Hardy-weinberg equation? and how can I use it to determine allele frequency of the next generation?arrow_forwardThe frequency of the A allele is represented by p, while the a allele is represented by q. At hardy-weinburg equilibrium, what is the frequency of the Aa genotype?arrow_forward
- For a gene existing in two alleles, what are the allele frequencies when the heterozygote frequency is at its maximum value, assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? What if there are three alleles?arrow_forwardWhat do these observed differences in allele frequencies between populations suggest about the applicability of the Hardy-Weinberg ideal model assumptions to real populations?arrow_forwardDoes Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium need to be tested for alleles resulting in only two genotypes?arrow_forward
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