Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781259709227
Author: Marjorie Kelly Cowan Professor, Heidi Smith
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 8.1, Problem 1NP
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
The cell is a functional and structural unit of all living organism and makes the basic building block for the body. Each type of cell performs specific functions; disposal of the waste product, maintenance of shape and integrity of the cell, and obtaining nutrient from its surrounding fluids. Each cell contains genetic material either DNA or RNA, located in
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Students have asked these similar questions
1. UV light damages DNA by the formation of pyrimidine dimers. Draw the detailed chemical structure of a pyrimidine dimer and explain why the formation of such aberrant structures results in tumor-enabling genomic instability.
2. Use your own words to define ultraviolet light. Include a comparison of naturally-occurring vs artificial UV. What is UV-A? UV-B? UV-C? Which one(s) is (are) the most damaging to DNA? Why? Which one(s) are most likely to lead to a mutation in skin cells? Why? What type of UV light is used in tanning beds?
5. Consider the process of transformation. Describe the process in terms of the cell that donates
the genetic material and the cell that receives it. For full credit, include and define any key
vocabulary words needed to understand the process.
Match the substance to it's function.
v Prevents supercoiling/Overwinding of the DNA
A. Nucleosomes
v Unwinds and separates the double stranded DNA
B. Toposiomerase
v Adds a short piece of complementary RNA nucleotides
C. Ribosome
v Copies DNA and adds complimentary DNA nucleotides
D. Nuclease
v Prevents DNA strands from connecting
E. RNA polymerase
v Links together short segments of DNA
F. Helicase
v Found only in the lagging strand
G. DNA Polymerase
v What chromosomes are made of
H. DNA and Proteins
v The proteins found in chromosomes
I. Codon
v DNA wrapped around proteins
J. Okazaki Fragments
Responsible for making mRNA
K. Anticodon
v The site of translation
L. DNA Ligase
M. Histones
v Cuts DNA for mutation repair
N. Primase
v A triplet of nucleotides on MRNA
O. Single Strand Binding Proteins
v A triplet of nucleotides on tRNA
Chapter 8 Solutions
Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach
Ch. 8.1 - Define the terms genome and gene.Ch. 8.1 - Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.Ch. 8.1 - Draw a segment of DNA, labeling all important...Ch. 8.1 - Summarize the steps of bacterial DNA replication,...Ch. 8.1 - Compare and contrast the synthesis of leading and...Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 1NPCh. 8.2 - Provide an overview of the relationship among DNA,...Ch. 8.2 - Identify important structural and functional...Ch. 8.2 - Draw a picture of the process of transcription.Ch. 8.2 - List the three types of RNA directly involved in...
Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 10AYPCh. 8.2 - Identify the locations of the promoter, the start...Ch. 8.2 - Indicate how eukaryotic transcription and...Ch. 8.2 - NCLEX PREP 2. The following are all true of RNA,...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 3NPCh. 8.3 - Define the term operon, and explain one advantage...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 14AYPCh. 8.4 - Prob. 15AYPCh. 8.4 - Prob. 16AYPCh. 8.5 - Prob. 17AYPCh. 8.5 - Differentiate among frameshift, nonsense, silent,...Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 19AYPCh. 8.5 - Prob. 1MMCh. 8.6 - Explain the importance of restriction...Ch. 8.6 - List the steps in the polymerase chain reaction.Ch. 8.6 - Describe how you can clone a gene into a...Ch. 8.6 - Prob. 23AYPCh. 8.6 - Prob. 24AYPCh. 8.6 - Name two genetic techniques that are designed to...Ch. 8.6 - NCLEX PREF 4. A client is being treated with...Ch. 8.6 - Prob. 2MMCh. 8 - Single nucleotide polymorphisms are found in a....Ch. 8 - Using your knowledge of DNA from this chapter,...Ch. 8 - Conduct research on CRISPR and explain in...Ch. 8 - Which of the following is a characteristic of RNA?...Ch. 8 - List some advantages and disadvantages to a cell...Ch. 8 - Construct an argument for why tRNA contains a lot...Ch. 8 - Prob. 7QCh. 8 - Discuss the intersection between the metabolome...Ch. 8 - Defend this statement: All of biology is dependent...Ch. 8 - DNA is semiconservative because the ______ strand...Ch. 8 - Examine the DNA triplets here and determine the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 12QCh. 8 - Prob. 13QCh. 8 - Prob. 14QCh. 8 - Metagenomics is providing insight into the...Ch. 8 - The creation of biological molecules and cells...Ch. 8 - Prob. 17QCh. 8 - Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)especially in...Ch. 8 - Prob. 19QCh. 8 - Construct an analogy using your clothes closet to...Ch. 8 - Prob. 21QCh. 8 - Prob. 1VC
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- . Given the following DNA strand:TACAGTGATAACCAGATTA. Write the corresponding strand that would form the other half of the DNA molecule.B. Transcribe the original DNA strand (= TACAGTGATAACCAGATT) and write the sequence of bases found in the resulting messenger RNA molecule.C. Translate your messenger RNA molecule and write the sequence of amino acids in the resulting proteinarrow_forward1. Give at least 3 differences between replication and transcription. 2. What will happen if there is a mistake in DNA replication? 3. What will happen if there is a mistake in translation or protein synthesis? 4. Explain the concept of "Central Dogma of Molecular Biology"arrow_forwardGive typing answer with explanation and conclusion 1. Which one of the following sequences best describes the flow of information from a gene to synthesis of a cellular component? A) RNA → DNA → RNA → protein B) DNA → RNA → protein C) DNA → amino acid → RNA → protein D) DNA → tRNA → mRNA → protein E) protein → RNA → DNAarrow_forward
- List the agents in the environment that can change DNA or increase the frequency of mutations. 2. Define mutation. 3. Define a Point mutation and give an example. 4. What is sickle cell anemia and what causes it. 5. What is nondisjunction? How does nondisjunction cause disorders? 6. What is Gene translocation? 7. Would a mutation in one of your muscle cells affect your offspring? Why or why not? 8. What 3 things can individuals do to protect themselves from developing mutations?arrow_forward1. What is a mutation? A. the specific sequence of bases in a molecule of DNA B. a change in the genetic material of a cell C. the process by which a molecule of DNA makes a copy of itself D. the perfect replication of a DNA moleculearrow_forward1. The statement "DNA goes to RNA goes to protein" is used as a shorthand description of the flow of information in the cell. a. "DNA goes to RNA" is meant to describe the process of we need an enzyme called b. "RNA goes to protein" is meant to describe the process of of RNA are used in this process. required for protein synthesis. adapter between RNA and protein. that uses DNA as For this process to occur, a template to make Three different types (a type of RNA) is used as the template to make a (a type of RNA) is part of the complex called a (another type of RNA) is a small RNA molecule that acts as anarrow_forward
- 1. Describe the relationship between chromosomes, cells, and DNA2. [Use Pictures] - How does the model describe about the structure of DNA3. Why do scientists use models? What are the limitations of models?arrow_forward1. Define a chromosome, gene and DNA? 2. Discuss gene expression from transcription to translation.arrow_forward1. DNA plays an important role in two processes. During the process of replication, dna provides information to copy itself, so genetic information can be passed on from one generation of cells to the next. DNA also provides instructions for making proteins, in these instructions are vital to the maintenance and function of cells. DNA provides the information on how to order the amino acids required for making various proteins. Describe the significance of crude extraction of DNA from different sample organismic. 2. Distinguish the importance of the following theorems that are interrelated to the study of bioinformatics: (1) proteomics, (2) genomics, (3) biotechnology, (4) biostatistics, and (5) biological engineering. 3. Describe the procedures that you have encountered in the bacterial identification virtual laboratory (media.hhmi.org). Describe each part of the procedure: (1) simple preparation, (2) PCR amplification, (3) PCR purification, (4) sequencing preparation, (5) DNA…arrow_forward
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