Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach (3rd Edition)
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134605173
Author: Mark F. Sanders, John L. Bowman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 7, Problem 32P
Summary Introduction
To analyze:
According to information given in the question, in early embryonic stages, DNA replication occurs every
Introduction:
DNA replication process occurs in all living organisms. In this process, DNA strands of double stranded DNA get separated; new complementary strands are synthesized, and DNA molecule gets doubled (two identical copies of DNA). DNA replication is a semi discontinuous process, i.e., after separation of DNA strands, one strand gets synthesized continuously and another strand get synthesized in a discontinuous manner.
The origin of replication is a specific sequence of genomes from which DNA replication starts. Eukaryotes have comparatively larger genomes than bacteria. Drosophila genome size is
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All known DNA polymerases catalyze synthesis only in the 5' → 3' direction. Nevertheless, during semiconservative DNA replication in the cell, they are able to catalyze the synthesis of both daughter chains, which would appear to require synthesis in the 3' → 5' direction on one strand. Explain the process that occurs in the cell that allows for synthesis of both daughter chains by DNA polymerase
The human genome contains about 3 billion base pairs. During the first cell division after fertilization of a human embryo, S phase is approximately three hours long. Assuming an average DNA polymerase rate of 50 nucleotides/second over the entire S phase, what is the minimum number oforigins of replication you would expect to find in the human genome? Show your solution.
In relation to central dogma of molecular biology answer the following questions:
A- Give two reasons why the DNA replication is asymmetrical process (i.e. the DNA replication outcome is different between the leading and lagging strands)?
B-The following segment of DNA is part of the transcription unit of a gene. You know already that RNA polymerase moves in a specific direction along this piece of DNA to convert one of the DNA strands into a single strand RNA transcript so that this entire region of DNA is made into RNA.
5′-GGCATGGCAATATTGTAGTA-3′
3′-CCGTACCGTTATAACATCAT-5′
Given this information, a student claims that the RNA produced from this DNA is:
3′-GGCATGGCAATATTGTAGTA-5′
Give two reasons why this answer is incorrect.
C- Imagine that the mRNA codons consisted of only two nucleotides instead of three nucleotides. Would there be a sufficient number of codons for all twenty amino acids? Explain your answer.
D- The length of a particular gene in human DNA,…
Chapter 7 Solutions
Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach (3rd Edition)
Ch. 7 - What results from the experiments of Frederick...Ch. 7 - 7.2 Explain why Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty’s in...Ch. 7 - 7.3 Hershey and Chase selected the bacteriophage...Ch. 7 - 7.4 Explain how the Hershey and Chase experiment...Ch. 7 - 7.5 One strand of a fragment of duplex DNA has the...Ch. 7 - 7.6 The principles of complementary base pairing...Ch. 7 - For the following fragment of DNA, determine the...Ch. 7 - 7.8 Figures present simplified depictions of...Ch. 7 - 7.9 Consider the sequence -ACGCTACGTC-.
What is...Ch. 7 - DNA polymerase III is the main DNA-synthesizing...
Ch. 7 - There is a problem completing the replication of...Ch. 7 - Explain how RNA participates in DNA replication.Ch. 7 - A sample of double-stranded DNA is found to...Ch. 7 - Bacterial DNA polymerase I and DNA polymerase III...Ch. 7 - Diagram a replication fork in bacterial DNA and...Ch. 7 - Prob. 16PCh. 7 - Which of the following equalities is not true for...Ch. 7 - List the order in which the following proteins and...Ch. 7 - Two viral genomes are sequenced, and the following...Ch. 7 - Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl demonstrated...Ch. 7 - Raymond Rodriguez and colleagues demonstrated...Ch. 7 - 7.22 Joel Huberman and Arthur Riggs used pulse...Ch. 7 - 7.23 Why do the genomes of eukaryotes, such as...Ch. 7 - Bloom syndrome (OMIM 210900) is an autosomal...Ch. 7 - 7.25 How does rolling circle replication (see...Ch. 7 - Telomeres are found at the ends of eukaryotic...Ch. 7 - A family consisting of a mother (I-1), a father...Ch. 7 - In a dideoxy DNA sequencing experiment, four...Ch. 7 - Prob. 29PCh. 7 - Using an illustration style and labeling similar...Ch. 7 - A PCR reaction begins with one double-stranded...Ch. 7 - Prob. 32PCh. 7 - Prob. 33PCh. 7 - 7.34 A sufficient amount of a small DNA fragment...Ch. 7 - You are participating in a study group preparing...Ch. 7 - Prob. 36PCh. 7 - The following diagram shows the parental strands...Ch. 7 - Go to the OMIM website...
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- The regulation of replication is essential to genomic stability. Normally, the DNA is replicated just once in every eukaryotic cell cycle (in the S phase). Normal cells produce protein A, which increases in concentration in the S phase. In cells that have a mutated copy of the gene encoding protein A, the protein is not functional, and replication takes place continuously throughout the cell cycle, with the result that cells may have 50 times the normal amount of DNA. Protein B is normally present in G1, but disappears from the cell nucleus during the S phase. In cells with a mutated copy of the gene encoding protein A, the levels of protein B fail to drop in the S phase and, instead, remain high throughout the cell cycle. When the gene for protein B is mutated, noreplication takes place. Propose a mechanism for how protein A and protein B might normally regulate replication so that each cell gets the proper amount of DNA. Explain how mutation of these genes produces the effects just…arrow_forwardSuppose that 22% of the nucleotides of a DNA molecule are deoxyadenosine and during replication the relative amounts of available deoxynucleoside triphosphates are 22% dATP, 22% dCTP, 28% dGTP, and 28% dTTP. What deoxynucleoside triphosphate is limiting to the replication? Explain.arrow_forwardA circular molecule of DNA contains 1 million base pairs. If the rate of DNA synthesis at a replication fork is 100,000 nucleotides per minute, how much time will theta replication require to completely replicate the molecule, assuming that theta replication is bidirectional? How long will replication of this circular chromosome by rolling-circle replication take? Ignore replication of the displaced strand in rolling-circle replication.arrow_forward
- During DNA replication in E. coli, which enzyme forms the phosphodiester bond between an RNA primer and the first incoming deoxyribonucleotide for an Okazaki fragment on the lagging strand? topoisomerase DNA polymerase III DNA helicase DNA polymerase II DNA ligase Heterogeneous nuclear RNA is typically characterized by which of the following features? it is more common in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes it contains introns, but no exons it contains more exons than introns it contains exons, but no introns it contains more introns than exonsarrow_forwardHuman Genome Replication Rate Assume DNA replication proceeds at a rate of 100 base pairs per second in human cells and origins of replication occur every 300 kbp. Assume also that human DNA polymerases are highly processive and only two molecules of DNA polymerase arc needed per replication fork. How long would it take to replicate the entire diploid human genome? How many molecules of DNA polymerase does each cell need to carry out this task?arrow_forwardReplication involves a period of time during which DNA is particularly susceptible to the introduction of mutations. If nucleotides can be incorporated into DNA at a rate of 20 nucleotides/second and the human genome contains 3 billion nucleotides, how long will replication take? How is this time reduced so that replication can take place in a few hours?arrow_forward
- DNA Replication occurs on both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Although they have a similar genetic flow, there are small differences in between. What are the differences of DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? What is/are the major difference/s?arrow_forward1) A bacterial chromosome contains 6.4 million nucleotides of DNA. If synthesis at each replication fork occurs at a rate of 1800 nucleotides per second, how many minutes will it take to completely replicate the chromosome with theta replication? 2) What different mRNA sequences can code for a polypeptide chain with the amino acid sequence Met-Trp-Ile? (Include the stop codon)arrow_forwardMost prokaryotes have a circular chromosome, with no ends, so the shortening of DNA does not occur. But what protects the genes of linear eukaryotic chromosomes from being eroded away during successive rounds of DNA replication?arrow_forward
- In eukaryotes, what is meant by the term DNA replication licensing? How does the process occur?arrow_forwardEukaryotic Genetic Sequence: 5'-TAC CAT GAT CCC TAT - 3' 1. What would be the newly synthesized DNA strand and explain how the strand will be replicated. Where in the cell would this occur? 2. What would be the synthesized mRNA strand, and how is it transcribed from the original DNA strand, and then converted from a pre-mRNA strand to a mature mRNA? Where in the cell does this occur? 3. What would be the anti-codons for the tRNA. What are the amino acids generated based on the RNA. How are these amino acids translated into protein and where in the cell does this happen?arrow_forwardWhat enzymatic features of DNA polymerase prevent it from replicating one of the DNA strands at the ends of linear chromosomes? Compared with DNA polymerase, how is telomerase different in its ability to synthesize a DNA strand? What does telomerase use as its template for the synthesis of a DNA strand? How does the use of this template result in a telomere sequence that is tandemly repetitive?arrow_forward
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