Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 6.8, Problem 1TYK
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
When an individual consumes a meal, it contains carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in variable amounts. Approximately 90% of the dry weight of the diet is composed of these three components, which form an essential source of energy for the body.
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The primary function of the Krebs cycle is to
?
complete the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
produce glucose for the production of ATP.
produce H 2O and ATP.
It is INCORRECT to affirm that:
Chemical reactions called oxidation-reduction reactions are essential to life since they are the reactions that break down food molecules to produce energy.
Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons; in this process the oxidized substance releases energy.
Reduction refers to the gain of electrons; in this process, the reduced substance gains energy.
Oxidation-reduction reactions do not always parallel; when one substance is oxidized, another also can be oxidized at the same time.
Which of the following statements about anabolism is false?
O As a rule, the anabolic pathway by which an organism makes a substance is the
exact reverse of the catabolic pathway.
Anabolic reactions "spend" ATP by transferring a phosphate group
to another molecule.
O Pathways that synthesize larger biomolecules from smaller ones
are known as anabolism.
Gluconeogenesis is the anabolic pathway by which organisms make glucose from
pyruvate.
Chapter 6 Solutions
Principles of Biology
Ch. 6.1 - Which do you think has more entropy, an NaCl...Ch. 6.1 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 6.1 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 6.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 6.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 6.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 6.2 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 6.2 - An inhibitor raises the Km for an enzyme but has...Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 6.3 - Prob. 1TYK
Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 6.3 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 6.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 6.4 - Prob. 1BCCh. 6.4 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 6.4 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 6.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 6.5 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 6.6 - During the citric acid cycle, what happens to...Ch. 6.7 - Prob. 1CCCh. 6.7 - Prob. 2CCCh. 6.7 - Prob. 3CCCh. 6.7 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 6.7 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 6.7 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 6.8 - Prob. 1CCCh. 6.8 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 6 - According to the second law of thermodynamics....Ch. 6 - Reactions that release free energy are exergonic....Ch. 6 - Prob. 3TYCh. 6 - Prob. 4TYCh. 6 - Prob. 5TYCh. 6 - Prob. 6TYCh. 6 - Prob. 7TYCh. 6 - Prob. 8TYCh. 6 - Prob. 9TYCh. 6 - Prob. 10TYCh. 6 - Describe the mechanism and purpose of feedback...Ch. 6 - What causes the rotation of the y subunit of ATP...Ch. 6 - PRINCIPLES A principle of biology is that living...Ch. 6 - Discuss how life can maintain its order in spite...Ch. 6 - Prob. 2CBQ
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- If carbohydrates are unavailable for cellular respiration, other organic molecules can be broken down and enter the cellular respiration process at the appropriate spot. Proteins can be broken down into a variety of amino acids. Some amino acids can be converted into glutamate which can then be converted into alpha ketoglutarate. State which steps of the cellular respiration pathway lead to the generation of the energy molecules. State the TOTAL number of ATP molecule the ONE of these converted alpha-ketoglutarate molecules can produce and explain how all the ATP molecules are generated.arrow_forwardCitric acid (or citrate) is an allosteric inhibitor of one of the first enzymes in glycolysis. How, in general, will it affect cellular respiration? Glycolysis will slow down when citric acid is abundant It will compete with glucose for the active site of the enzyme. It will stop the citric acid cycle when pyruvate is abundant. All of the abovearrow_forwardWhich of the following is NOT true about metabolic pathways in general? They can be anabolic or catabolic They can be both energy-releasing (exergonic) and energy-requiring (endergonic) They are often made up of a series of chemical reactions They often have multiple different enzymes working in the same pathway Each metabolic pathway is entirely separate and does not interact or connect at all with other metabolic pathwaysarrow_forward
- Which of the following statements about glucose metabolism is correct? * Red blood cells can catalyse aerobic glycolysis because they contain oxygen bound to haemoglobin. Fructose cannot be used for gluconeogenesis in the liver. Glycolysis can proceed in the absence of oxygen only if pyruvate is formed from lactate in muscle. All of the reactions of glycolysis are freely reversible for gluconeogenesis. Red blood cells can only metabolise glucose by anaerobic glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.arrow_forwardThe complete catabolism of glucose into CO2 and H2O generally yields a smaller amount of ATP in aerobic eukaryotes than in aerobic prokaryotes because the aerobic eukaryotes: generate more molecules of FADH2 during aerobic respiration have transport costs to get NADH into the mitochondrion generate more molecules of NADH during aerobic respiration are able to use pyruvate as a substrate for fermentation always produce ethanol rather than lactic acid as a byproductarrow_forwardIf carbohydrates are unavailable for cellular respiration, other organic molecules can be broken down and enter the cellular respiration process at the appropriate spot. Proteins can be broken down into a variety of amino acids. Some amino acids can be converted into glutamate which can then be converted into alpha-ketoglutarate. State which steps of the cellular respiration pathway lead to the generation of the energy molecules. State the TOTAL number of ATP molecules the ONE of these converted alpha-ketoglutarate molecules can produce and explain how all the ATP molecules are generated. Draw the stages that the molecule is going through in order to produce those ATPs.arrow_forward
- What is metabolism, and how are different types of energy useful for metabolism? Explain the three main uses of metabolic energy. Give examples.arrow_forwardWhere do most of the metabolic processes occur? Liver (cells) Small Intestine (cells) Adipose Tissue (cells) Pancreas (cells)arrow_forwardThe complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose results in the production of 38 molecules of ATP. Specifically, where do these molecules of ATP come from? All 38 molecules of ATP are synthesized during oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport. All 38 molecules of ATP are synthesized during glycolysis. 2 net ATP molecules from glycolysis; 2 NADH molecules from glycolysis are oxidized resulting to 6 ATP molecules; 2 NADH molecules from pyruvate processing are oxidized resulting to 6 ATP molecules; 2 net ATP from Krebs Cycle; 6 NADH molecules from Krebs Cycle are oxidized resulting to 18 ATP molecules 2 FADH2 molecules from Krebs Cycle are oxidized resulting to 4 ATP molecules 2 net ATP molecules from glycolysis; 2 NADH molecules from glycolysis are oxidized resulting to 2 ATP molecules; 2 NADH molecules from pyruvate processing are oxidized resulting to 2 ATP molecules; 2 net ATP from Krebs Cycle; 6 NADH molecules from Krebs…arrow_forward
- Four molecules of ATP are formed when one glucose molecule goes through the reactions of glycolysis Is it correct to say that glycolysis yields two molecules of ATP? Yes, it is correct to say that glycolysis yields two to fuel glycolysis However, the net yield is not 2 ATP molecules of ATP While glycolysis produces two molecules of ATP, four molecules are needed as energy Yes, it is correct to say that glycolysis yields two to fuel glycolysis Therefore, the net yield is 2 ATPmolecules of ATP While glycolysis produces four molecules of ATP, two molecules are needed as energy No, glycloisis produces 4 molecules of ATP 4 molecules of ADP are converted to ATP through phosphorylation No, because during glycolysis, the glucose moleclule is split into two carbon3 compounds 2 NADs are reduced and a phosphate group is added to each carbon3 molecule 2 ATP replace those required for activation A net of two ATPs per glucose are produced, so FOURarrow_forwardIndicate whether each of the following is a true or false statement regarding ATP. in cellular respiration, the most ATP is made by the Krebs cycle ATP is commonly used by cells to lower the amount of energy needed for reactions to occur the energy from anabolic reactions can be used to make ATP some ATP is required to break down glucose into pyruvic acid a phosphate group is added to ADP to make ATP Choose... Choose... Choose... Choose... ♦ Choose...arrow_forwardWhich of the following correctly describes ATP usage in gluconeogenesis and glycolysis? O ATP is consumed by gluconeogenesis and produced by glycolysis. O ATP is consumed by both gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. O ATP is produced by gluconeogenesis and consumed by glycolysis. O ATP is produced by both gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. • Previous Nextarrow_forward
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