How does compromised pyruvate kinase activity lead to anemia?
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- 1. There are two metabolic routes for the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). What factors likely indicate which route is used? Do the two routes have different requirements for cellular energy (e.g. ATP)? 2. Compare the export of glucose from hepatocytes to the import into hepatocytes. 3. Would you expect anaplerotic reactions to be active in the postprandial hepatocyte? Why?1. Briefly explain why an individual with Aldolase B deficiency will suffer from hypoglycemia upon ingestion of fructose. Make sure to mention the affected pathways and explain why these are affected. 2. Briefly explain the mechanism involved when an individual with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency develops an episode of hemolytic crisis after eating fava beans. Make sure to mention pathways and enzymes involved.In own words, give 5 or more reasons why most of the clinical features of the diseases a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency, succinate dehydrogenase deficiency, and fumarase deficiency involve muscle and nerve tissue? and explain those reasons.
- What type of regulation would be expected when anaerobic metabolism is occurring in the muscle? Select all that apply. 1. Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2. Increased levels of calcium to activate pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase 3. Phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase 4. Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex 5. Increased levels of NADH to activate citrate synthase 6. Increased levels of NADH to inhibit alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex 7. Increased levels of acetyl CoA to activate pyruvate carboxylase for gluconeogenesis1. Select the INCORRECT statement about Glutamate dehydrogenase : a. Catalyzes the removal of NH4+ into glutamate b.Catalyzes the incorporation of NH*4 into a-ketoglutarate c. Catalyzes the removal of NH*4 from glutamate C d. Catalyzes the incorporation of NH'4 into a-keto acidA 28-year-old man experiences prolonged apnea following the administration of succinylcholine for tracheal intubation. A hereditary deficiency of which of the following enzymes is most likely responsible for this condition? Answers A-E A Acetylcholinesterase B Butyrylcholinesterase C Cytochrome P4503A D Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase E Monoamine oxidase
- 2. A 4-year-old girl was diagnosed with thiamine deficiency and the symptoms include tachycardia, vomiting, convulsions. Laboratory examinations reveal high levels of pyruvate, lactate and a-ketoglutarate. Explain which coenzyme is formed from vitamin B, and its role in oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. For that: a) describe the structure of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) and the cofactors that it requires; b) discuss the symptoms which are connected with the thiamine deficiency and its effects on PDH and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex; c) explain the changes in the levels of mentioned metabolites in the blood; d) name the deseribed discase,17. Accumulation of high levels of chloramphenicol in newbom that leads to a gray baby syndrome is due to он H .CHCI2 O,N- но chloramphenicol A. Lack of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase B. Renal uptake of metabolized product C. High lipophilicity of chloramphenicol D. Poor absorption of chloramphenicol 16What is the effect of a defective a(1→ 4) phosphatase in Pompe's disease (GSD II)? O Accumulation of abnormal, unbranched glycogen, leading to heart or liver failure and short fife expectancy O Glycogen accumulation in heart, leading to heart failure, muscle weakness, short life expectancy O Absence of UDP-glucose conversion to glycogen, leading to lack of muscle glycogen, exercise intolerance Glycogen accumulation due to lack of glucose-6-phosphate conversion to glucose, leading to liver enlargement, hypoglycemia, short life expectancy O Lack of complete degradation of glycogen to glucose. leading to mild hypoglycemia, enlarged liver and muscle weakness Submit Request Answer
- a. In the TCA cycle, which of the following combines with acetyl CoA to form a 6-carbon compound? i. oxaloacetate ii. thiamine iii. glucose iv. pyruvate b. The last step in glycolysis is the transfer of phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP catalyzed by pyruvate kinase. i. True ii. False1.a. Given what you know about glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, does it make sense that insulin activates PDH phosphatase? Why? b.How do vitamins increase to the breadth of chemical reactions available within a biological system?4. Which of the following statements regarding the coordinated regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is not true? A. Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-1) are reciprocally regulated. B. Activating PFK-1 leads to more glycolysis. C. Inhibiting FBPase-1 slows gluconeogenesis. D. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is the primary regulator of PFK-1 and FBPase-1. E. ATP inhibits PFK-1.