10. Procaine is known to undergo faster metabolic hydrolysis than procainamide. Give explanation. -NET2 -NE2 HN H2N- H2N- Procainamide Procaine
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Nucleotides
It is an organic molecule made up of three basic components- a nitrogenous base, phosphate,and pentose sugar. The nucleotides are important for metabolic reactions andthe formation of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are essential biomolecules present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and viruses. They carry the genetic information for the synthesis of proteins and cellular replication. The nucleic acids are of two types: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The structure of all proteins and ultimately every biomolecule and cellular component is a product of information encoded in the sequence of nucleic acids. Parts of a DNA molecule containing the information needed to synthesize a protein or an RNA are genes. Nucleic acids can store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next, fundamental to any life form.
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- Examine the ActiveModel for alcohol dehydrogenase and describe the structure and function of the catalytic zinc center.H. OH co co2 но H co, 1-isopropylmalate 2-isopropylmalate Biosynthesis of leucine involves conversion of 1-isopropyimalate to 2-isopropylmalate (see above). This proceeds in four steps under basic enzymic catalysis via an isolable compound produced in step 2. Write a detailed mechanism for this conversion. Then, draw the intermediate compound) produced in step 2. • You do not have to consider stereochemistry. • Draw uninvolved carboxyl groups in the anionic state, and enolates as carbanions. When needed, abbreviate CoenzymeA-S- as CH3S- In your drawing. aaleDrug Metabolism Reactions Identify the enzyme family involved in the following metabolic reaction: H;C H3C -NH -NH ??? Dealkylation ОН CH3 Select one: a. N-Alkyltransferase b. Cytochrome P450 c. UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase O d. Flavin Mono Oxygenase O O
- 33. Which of the following statements is true for the shown reaction? P-O-CH₂ P-O-CH₂ OH A Coo I C=O HOTHS CH₂ Coo A HỌ он D A. The reaction is catalyzed by PFK-1 B. Stimulation of the reaction eventually slows down gluconeogenesis C. Inhibition of glyceraldehyde 3-phopshate dehydrogenase leads to the accumulation of the product B D. All of the above E. None of the above OH 34. Which of the following statements is true for the shown reaction? COO™ CH₂OH HQ -℗ B CH₂ B C-o-℗ + CO₂ A. Insulin can eventually inhibit the reaction B. The reaction only take place in the presence of acetyl-CoA C. The product B is a high-energy molecule, and the next logical step is to use the energy released from B to synthesize ATP D. All of above E. None of the above1. (a) write, using structural formulas, the sequence of TCA cycle intermediates. Indicate the position of the 14C atom in each intermediate. Do not name enzymes or cofactors catalyzing the reactions. Starting with citrate formed immediately after reaction of [2-14C]acetyl-SCOA with OAA,1. Please fully explain (use illustrate where appropriate) the Modes of Enzyme Catalysis exemplified by the serine protease: Chymotrypsin. In your answer discuss employing the illustration whenever possible: the overall reaction mechanism, stability of the reaction transition state, proximity and orientation effects, acid-base catalysis, and covalent catalysis. (c) (0) Ap Asp Toe His Asp 10 C-N bond cleavage HN Ho Ser Ger Binding of substi 196 Ser Gly alto video LBHB NH Sere HAR Proton donation by H (h) Fel of amino product yest OHN Hig Ser Ap (0) Formation of covalent (ES) Alp Me complex Serios
- Shown below is a substrate for a Trypsin. Draw the mechanism for this serine protease using the artificial substrate. Be sure to draw the catalytic triad, and show the role of the oxyanion hole. Draw the complete structure of every intermediate and product and PUSH ARROWS!!!!! Do not abbreviate structures using R and R' H₂N _N_CH. сно CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ NH d=19H₂ NH₂ O CH- H₂C HN O CHThe mechanism of chymotrypsin can be viewed as a two-step process, acylation of the enzyme active site followed by a deacylation reaction. What accounts for the observed "burst" in rapid kinetic studies of the hydrolysis of N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine p-nitrophenyl ester by chymotrypsin? The rate of hydrolysis of the acyl-enzyme intermediate is faster than the rate of forming the acyl-enzyme intermediate. The rates of the acylation and deacylation reactions are equal. The rate of the acylation reaction is slower than the rate of the deacylation reaction. The rate of the acylation reaction is faster than the rate of the deacylation reaction.Order the cofactors based on their use in the mechanism of the a-etogluterate dehydrogenase complex. 1. Stabilizes a carbanion due to decarboxylation 2. Allows for the splitting of the carbon skeleton from the electron pair generated in a redox reaction 3. Enzyme bond electron carrier that is part of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase 4. Final electron acceptor in the overall reaction catalyzed by this complex 1 2 3 4 answer choices: lipoamide, biotin, 2 Fe - 2S cluster, TPP, NAD+, FAD
- X INCORRECT; see section 13.1 Enzymes occasionally display weak "“side" activities. Draw the structure of the product (other than ADP) of the reaction that results when pyruvate kinase, operating in reverse, uses lactate as a substrate. For your structure: 1. Do not include primary or secondary hydrogens. CH2 HO OH Edit Drawing5-phosphate) and an aldopentose (ribose-5-phosphate) to an aldotriose (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) and a ketoheptose (sedoheptulose-7-phosphate). Notice that the total number of carbons in the reactants andproducts is the same (5 + 5 = 3 + 7). Propose a mechanism for this reaction. xylulose-5-PCH2OH CH2OPO32−C OHOHHOH sedoheptulose-7-P29. Labels. Suppose that you had an in vitro fatty acid- synthesizing system that had all of the enzymes and cofactors required for fatty acid synthesis except for acetyl CoA. To this system, you added acetyl CoA that contained radioactive hydrogen (³H, tritium) and carbon 14 (¹4C) as shown here. 3H O 14 3H-C-C SCOA 3H The ratio of ³H/¹4C is 3. What would the ³H/14C ratio be after the synthesis of palmitic acid (C₁6) with the use of the radioactive acetyl CoA?