The Analysis of Biological Data
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781936221486
Author: Michael C. Whitlock, Dolph Schluter
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Question
Chapter 5, Problem 36AP
a)
To determine
To find the probability that randomly selected two copies of the “a” allele.
b)
To determine
To find probability of randomly selected married couple are aa at the asparagus gene.
c)
To determine
To find probability of randomly selected both members are heterozygous.
d)
To determine
To find probability that the first child of part c couple also has one A and one a allele.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
PTC is a substance that has a strong bitter taste for some people and is tasteless for others. The ability to taste PTC is inherited and depends on a single gene that codes for a taste receptor on the tongue. Interestingly, although the PTC molecule is not found in nature, the ability to taste it correlates strongly with the ability to taste other naturally occurring bitter substances, many of which are toxins. About 75%75% of Italians can taste PTC. You want to estimate the proportion of Americans with at least one Italian grandparent who can taste PTC.
(a) Starting with the 75%75% estimate for Italians, how large a sample must you collect in order to estimate the proportion of PTC tasters within ±0.1±0.1 with 90%90% confidence? (Enter your answer as a whole number.)
n=
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common eyedisease among the elderly that can lead to partial or total lossof vision. It is well known that smoking and excessive weighttend to be associated with higher incidence rates of AMD.More recently, however, several genes have been found tobe associated with AMD as well. One gene that has beenconsidered is the Y402H gene. There are three genotypesfor the Y402H gene—TT, TC, and CC. The relationshipbetween AMD and the Y402H genotype is as follows:
Y402H
AMD=yes
AMD=no
TT (wild type)
41
380
YC
119
527
CC
121
278
Total
281
1185
(1) What is the relative risk for AMD for the CC genotype compared with the TT genotype?
A researcher decides to conduct a study to observe the association between smoking cessation among long-term smokers and obesity since it has been previously well documented in the literature that smokers tend to gain weight when they stop smoking. The researcher notes that among the individuals who gain weight, many of them have developed heart problems or other medical problems that typically prevent them from exercising as much as their counterparts. In this case the individuals who developed these health problems had specific genetic markers putting them at higher risk of developing their health problems while they were smoking than their counterparts. This is an example of which of the following?
Confounding
Recall bias
Statistical interaction
Misclassification bias
Chapter 5 Solutions
The Analysis of Biological Data
Ch. 5 - Prob. 1PPCh. 5 - Prob. 2PPCh. 5 - Prob. 3PPCh. 5 - Prob. 4PPCh. 5 - Prob. 5PPCh. 5 - Prob. 6PPCh. 5 - Prob. 7PPCh. 5 - Prob. 8PPCh. 5 - Prob. 9PPCh. 5 - Prob. 10PP
Ch. 5 - Prob. 11PPCh. 5 - Prob. 12PPCh. 5 - Prob. 13PPCh. 5 - Prob. 14PPCh. 5 - Prob. 15PPCh. 5 - Prob. 16PPCh. 5 - Prob. 17PPCh. 5 - Prob. 18APCh. 5 - Prob. 19APCh. 5 - Prob. 20APCh. 5 - Prob. 21APCh. 5 - Prob. 22APCh. 5 - Prob. 23APCh. 5 - Prob. 24APCh. 5 - Prob. 25APCh. 5 - Prob. 26APCh. 5 - Prob. 27APCh. 5 - Prob. 28APCh. 5 - Prob. 29APCh. 5 - Prob. 30APCh. 5 - Prob. 31APCh. 5 - Prob. 32APCh. 5 - Prob. 33APCh. 5 - Prob. 34APCh. 5 - Prob. 35APCh. 5 - Prob. 36APCh. 5 - Prob. 37APCh. 5 - Prob. 38AP
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, statistics and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- One variety of corn is genetically modified to produce chemicals for defense against predators. The standard corn contains the same standard genotype, but without genetic modification for the chemicals. The two types of corn are then planted in randomly placed adjacent plots across a single field. The amount of predators that are present when the corn has matured are then recorded. The data that was recorded of the predators present among each type are listed. Has genetic alterations decreased the amount of predators for the altered genotype? Normality tests for the populations of both contain a p value less than 0.05. The given alpha is 0.05 Modified Corn (20, 18, 26, 23, 17, 23, 22) Standard Corn (89, 64, 102, 96, 56, 77, 84, 59) use an F test to determine if the variance between the 2 lists are different. Based on this result, state the correct 2 sample parametric test to be used. State the null and alternative. Show calculations while rounding to two decimal points.What is the…arrow_forwardThe coat color of black bears depends on a gene with two alleles. Allele B is dominant and confers black coat, whereas allele b is recessive and homozygous bears have white coats (albino black bears, I know it sounds weird but it is true). As we know from genetics each bear has two alleles and the coat colors are as follows: BB-black; Bb-black; bb-white. A researcher obtained the following data for the genotypes (BB, Bb or bb) of black bears: Genotype Number of bears BB 42 Bb 24 bb 21 You are performing the following hypothesis test: H0: The genotypes of the bears follow a binomial distribution, with a probability of receiving the b allele equal to the observed proportion of the b allele in the population. HA: The genotypes of the bears do not follow a binomial distribution What is the expected frequency of bears with genotype BB, Bb, and bb? Give the absolute expected frequency (number of bears) not the fraction/proportion of BB bearsarrow_forwardThe coat color of black bears depends on a gene with two alleles. Allele B is dominant and confers black coat, whereas allele b is recessive and homozygous bears have white coats (albino black bears, I know it sounds weird but it is true). As we know from genetics each bear has two alleles and the coat colors are as follows: BB-black; Bb-black; bb-white. A researcher obtained the following data for the genotypes (BB, Bb or bb) of black bears: Genotype Number of bears BB 42 Bb 24 bb 21 You are performing the following hypothesis test: H0: The genotypes of the bears follow a binomial distribution, with a probability of receiving the b allele equal to the observed proportion of the b allele in the population. HA: The genotypes of the bears do not follow a binomial distribution Q1 What is the fraction of b alleles in the population? Remember each bear has two alleles! Q2 What is the expected frequency of bears with genotype BB, Bb, and bb? Give the absolute expected…arrow_forward
- PTC is a substance that has a strong bitter taste for some people and is tasteless for others. The ability to taste PTC is inherited and depends on a single gene that codes for a taste receptor on the tongue. Interestingly, although the PTC molecule is not found in nature, the ability to taste it correlates strongly with the ability to taste other naturally occurring bitter substances, many of which are toxins. About 75% of Italians can taste PTC. You want to estimate the proportion of Americans with at least one Italian grandparent who can taste PTC. Starting with the 75% estimate for Italians, how large a sample must you collect in order to estimate the proportion of PTC tasters within +0.04 with 90% confidence? Give your answer rounded up to the nearest whole number. n =arrow_forwardPTC is a substance that has a strong bitter taste for some people and is tasteless for others. The ability to taste PTC is inherited and depends on a single gene that codes for a taste receptor on the tongue. Interestingly, although the PTC molecule is not found in nature, the ability to taste it correlates strongly with the ability to taste other naturally occurring bitter substances, many of which are toxins. About 75% of Italians can taste PTC. You want to estimate the proportion of Americans with at least one Italian grandparent who can taste PTC. Estimate the sample size required if you made no assumptions about the value of the proportion who could taste PTC. Give your answer rounded up to the nearest whole number. n = 68 Incorrectarrow_forwardResearchers suspect that drinking tea might enhance the production of interferon gamma, a molecule that helps the immune system fight bacteria, viruses, and tumors. A recent study involved 20 healthy people who did not normally drink tea or coffee. Ten of the participants were randomly assigned to drink five cups of tea a day, while 10 were asked to drink the same amount of coffee. After two weeks, blood samples were exposed to an antigen and production of interferon gamma were measured. The results are shown in the following table: Теа: 55 17 54 49 10 46 21 14 53 Coffee: 16 12 20 52 37 15 22 30 3 Let X ~ N(ux,o3) be the interferon gamma production for participants who drink tea and observations for the ten participants who drink tea are a random sample from X. Let Y ~ N(uy,o) be the interferon gamma production for participants who drink coffee and observations for the ten participants who drink coffee are a random sample from Y. Some R output that may help. > p1 qnorm(p1) [1] -2.326…arrow_forward
- A study was conducted that investigated the gene ACTN3, which encodes a protein that functions in fast-twitch muscle fibres. People can be classified according to which genotype of this gene they have, RR, RX or XX. The study included a sample of elite sprinters and a sample of endurance athletes. The researchers are investigating whether there is an association between the genotype classification and the type of athlete (sprinters or endurance). Observed counts XX RX RR Total Endurance 55 49 30 134 Sprinters 49 95 50 194 Total 104 144 80 328 What degrees of freedom should be used for this test? Explain in one or two sentences how you calculated your answer.arrow_forwardA clinical trial is conducted on a specific drug used to treat severe migraines and it is noted that approximately 25% of individuals in the study fail to respond to the drug and the medication appears to give them severe episodes of nausea and vomiting. Upon further examination it is revealed that these individuals carry a genetic marker, and the individuals who did not experience the side effects of nausea and vomiting did not have the same marker as those individuals who experienced the side effects. This is an example of which of the following? I see two answers for this question - confounding and effect modificaton. Please answer and explain why the answer is correct.arrow_forwardThe recessive mutation bg (beige) in mice results in a decrease in the activity of natural killer cells in homozygous mutant mice. You test the hypothesis that this cell type plays an important role in rejection of tumor cells (derived from a tumor induced in an isogenic animal) by injecting animals with genotypes bg/bg or bg/+ with 106 cells and measuring the time required for the development of a palpable tumor in each animal. You obtain the following data: Time to tumor development (days) Genotype 28, 51, 47, 80 14, 35, 17, 37, 16 3. What is the most appropriate statistical approach to test the hypothesis? a. t-test for paired samples b. t-test for unpaired samples C. ANOVA d. Mann-Whitney U test e. Kruskal-Wallis test 4. Is there a significant difference in tumor latency between the two groups? bg/+ bg/bgarrow_forward
- A mutation in Gene A is thought to be associated with a disease. The mutation in Gene A is found in 5% of the population. 2% of the whole population is diagnosed with disease B at some point in their life time. 1% of the population both has the mutation and also gets diagnosed with the disease in their life time. Is the provided data adequate to test the independency of mutation in Gene A and occurrence of Disease B? If it is not, what other information or data is needed to test the independency? What is the probability of Disease B, among the individuals with the mutation in Gene A? What is the probability of having the mutation in Gene A among the individuals with Disease B? If an individual has the mutated Gene A, what is their Relative Risk of developing the disease?arrow_forwardplease help me out. show full working out for better understanding Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a recessively inherited genetic disorder resulting from mutations in the HFE gene. There are several possible mutations of different degrees of importance but the disease expresses itself only when at least 2 arepresent in any one individual. A blood analysis was performed on 3,000 blood samples from newborn babies of Caucasian descent in the state of Michigan, USA. The results showed that 163 of those sampled carried two mutations in the HFE gene. a. What is the proportion in the sample that carry the two mutations of the HFE gene? b. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the proportion of this population that carries two mutations in the HFE Check the data for the necessary conditions and show full working. c. Interpret your interval in context d. If the researcher wanted to halve (x ½) the margin of error in the confidence interval found, what sample size would be required…arrow_forwardSickle-cell anemia is a hereditary chronic blood disease that is extremely severe when an individual carries two copies of the defective gene. It is particularly common in countries plagued by malaria, a parasiticinfection transmitted by mosquitoes. A study in Africa tested 543 children for the sickle-cell gene and also for malaria. In Group 1 which consisted of 136 children with the sickle-cell gene, 36 children had severe malariainfections. Group 2 consisted of 407 children without the sickle-cell gene, and 152 of them had severe malaria infections. Conduct a test to determine if the proportion of severe malaria infections among children withthe sickle-cell trait is different from that among children without. Test at 5% level of significance. Question: What is your p value and t statistic ?arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Calculus For The Life SciencesCalculusISBN:9780321964038Author:GREENWELL, Raymond N., RITCHEY, Nathan P., Lial, Margaret L.Publisher:Pearson Addison Wesley,
Calculus For The Life Sciences
Calculus
ISBN:9780321964038
Author:GREENWELL, Raymond N., RITCHEY, Nathan P., Lial, Margaret L.
Publisher:Pearson Addison Wesley,
Statistics 4.1 Point Estimators; Author: Dr. Jack L. Jackson II;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MrI0J8XCEE;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Statistics 101: Point Estimators; Author: Brandon Foltz;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4v41z3HwLaM;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Central limit theorem; Author: 365 Data Science;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5xQmk9veZ4;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Point Estimate Definition & Example; Author: Prof. Essa;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OTVwtvQmSn0;License: Standard Youtube License
Point Estimation; Author: Vamsidhar Ambatipudi;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=flqhlM2bZWc;License: Standard Youtube License