Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The spheres which represented the S and S2- should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
There are two types of ions said to be cations and anions.
The positively charged ions formed by loss of electrons is said to be cations whereas the negatively charged ions formed by gaining electrons is said to be anions.
Adding electrons to an atom increase its size. Removing electrons from atom reduce it size.
(b)
Interpretation:
The spheres which represented the Li and Li+ should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
There are two types of ions said to be cations and anions.
The positively charged ions formed by loss of electrons is said to be cations whereas the negatively charged ions formed by gaining electrons is said to be anions.
Adding electrons to an atom increase its size. Removing electrons from atom reduce it size.
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Chapter 3 Solutions
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry - 4th edition
- The sum of IE1through IE₄ for Group 4A(14) elements shows a decrease from C to Si, a slight increase from Si to Ge, adecrease from Ge to Sn, and an increase from Sn to Pb. (a) What is the expected trend for IEs down a group? (b) Suggest a reason for the deviations in Group 4A(14).(c) Which group might show even greater deviations?arrow_forwardAnswer true or false. (a) Mendeleyev discovered that when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic weight, certain sets of properties recur periodically.(b) Main-group elements are those in the columns 3A to 8A of the Periodic Table.(c) Nonmet.als are found at the top of the Periodic Table, metalloids in the middle, and metals at the bottom.(d) Among the US known elements,there are approximately equal numbers of metals and non metals.(e) A horizontal row in the Periodic Table is called a group.(f) The Group LA elements are called the "alkali metals"(g) The alkali metals react with water to give hydrogen gas and a metalhydroxide, MOH, where "M' is the metal."(h) The halogens are Group 7A elements.(i) The boiling points of noble gases (Group SA elements) increase goingfrom top to bottom of the column.arrow_forwardHypothetical elements X and Y form a molecule XY2, inwhich both Y atoms are bonded to atom X (and not to oneanother). The X—X distance in the elemental form of X is2.04 Å, and the Y—Y distance in elemental Y is 1.68 Å. Whatwould you predict for the X—Y distance in the XY2 molecule?(a) 0.84 Å (b) 1.02 Å (c) 1.86 Å (d) 2.70 Å (e) 3.72 Åarrow_forward
- (a) Calculate the number of electrons in a small, electrically neutral silver pin that has a mass of 9.0 g. Silver has 47 electrons per atom, and its molar mass is 107.87 g/mol. (b) Imagine adding electrons to the pin until the negative charge has the very large value 1.00 mC. How many electrons are added for every 10 electrons already present?arrow_forwardFill in the blanks:(a) The symbol and atomic number of the heaviest nonradioac-tive noble gas are __and__ .(b) The symbol and group number of the Period 5 transition ele-ment whose atoms have the fewest protons are __ and __ .(c) The elements in Group 6A(16) are sometimes called thechalcogens.The symbol and atomic number of the first metallicchalcogen are__ and __ .(d) The symbol and number of protons of the Period 4 alkalimetal atom are __and __.arrow_forward(a) Are the elements calcium, barium, and radium in the same group or same period in the periodic table? (b) Are the elements rhodium, cadmium, and tin in the same group or period?arrow_forward
- In Example 2-1, we established that the mass ratio of magnesium to magnesium oxide is 0.455 g magnesium/ 0.755 g magnesium oxide.(a) What is the ratio of oxygen to magnesium oxide, by mass? (b) What is the mass ratio of oxygen to magnesium in magnesium oxide?(c) What is the percent by mass of magnesium in magnesium oxide?arrow_forwardWrite the symbol for each of the following ions. (Enter your answer in the form A X q± Z .) (a) the ion with a 3+ charge, 28 electrons, and a mass number of 69 (b) the ion with 36 electrons, 35 protons, and 44 neutrons (c) the ion with 91 electrons, 148 neutrons, and a 4+ charge (d) the ion with a 2+ charge, atomic number 40, and mass number 90arrow_forwardAnswer true or false. (a) A proton and an electron have the same mass but opposite charges. (b) The mass of an electron is cosiderably smaller than that of a neutron. (c) An atomic mass unit (amu) is a unit of mass. (d) One amu is equal to 1 gram. (e) The protons and neutrons of an atom are found in the nucleus. (I) The ekectrons of an atom are found in the space surrounding the nucleus. (g) All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons. (h) All atoms of the same element have the same number of electrons. (i) Electrons and protons repel each other. (j) The size of an atom is approximately the size of its nucleus. (k) The mass number of an atom is the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of that atom. (l) For most atoms, their mass number is the same as their atomic number. (m) The three isotopes of hydrogen (hydrogen-i, hydrogen-2, and hydrogen-3) differ only in the number of neutrons in the nucleus. (n) Hydrogen-i has one neutron in its nucleus,…arrow_forward
- Arrange in order of increasing nonmetallic character. (Use the appropriate <, =, or > symbol to separate substances in the list.) (a) the Period 4 elements V, Ge, and K (b) the Group 5A elements N, As, and Bi Arrange in order of increasing atomic size. (Use the appropriate <, =, or > symbol to separate substances in the list.) (a) the Period 3 elements Mg, Si, and Ar (b) the Group 2A elements Ca, Ba, and Srarrow_forwardIdentify each of the following elements as a metal, non-metal, or metalloid: (a) gallium, (b) molybdenum, (c) tellurium, (d) arsenic, (e) xenon, (f) ruthenium.arrow_forwardBoron, atomic number 5, occurs naturally as two isotopes, 10B and 11B, with natural abundances of 19.9% and 80.1%, respectively. (a) In what ways do the two isotopes differ from each other? Does the electronic configuration of 10B differ from that of 11B? (b) Draw the orbital diagram for an atom of 11B. Which electrons are the valence electrons? (c) Indicate three ways in which the 1s electrons in boron differ from its 2s electrons. (d) Elemental boron reacts with fluorine to form BF3, a gas. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of solid boron with fluorine gas. (e) ΔHf° for BF3(g) is -1135.6 kj/mol. Calculate the standard enthalpy change in the reaction of boron with fluorine. (f) Will the mass percentage of F be the same in 10BF3 and 11BF3? If not, why is that the case?arrow_forward
- Introduction to General, Organic and BiochemistryChemistryISBN:9781285869759Author:Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar TorresPublisher:Cengage Learning