Concept explainers
To review:
An imaginary phylogenetic tree has to be created for an ancestral species along with ten descendants. A monophyletic group, a polyphyletic group, and a paraphyletic group have to be marked on the tree. The identified groups, which are marked on the tree must match the definitions of mentioned three groups.
Introduction:
The pictorial representation of an evolutionary relationship that exists among the living organisms is shown by a phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic tree is based upon the similarities and differences in the genetic and morphological traits. The diversity of an organism can be easily studied using the phylogenetic tree as it indicates the relationship between the organisms.
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Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
- Study the diagrams below. The diagrams represent four possible phylogenetic trees showing the relationship between the four species: M, L, S, and R. B A M LS R M LR +d \t R SML RM S tota -444 What is the plausible explanation for the appearance of autapomorphic character c in species L and S of tree A although they do not share a most recent common ancestor?arrow_forwardDefine homology and homoplasy and explain their connection to the concept of parsimony in phylogenetic analysis. Provide an example of each and discuss the challenges they may present when inferring evolutionary relationships.arrow_forwardBelow are phylogenetic trees depicting the relationships among four species, A, B, C, and D. Which of the following statements is correct? Tree (1) and Tree (2) are the same tree. Tree (2) and Tree (4) are the same tree. Tree (2) and Tree (3) are the same tree. All four trees are in fact the same tree. All four trees are in fact different trees.arrow_forward
- Phylogenetic trees are a type of model that can be used to show how organisms are related through common ancestry. The phylogenetic tree model represents nodes numbered 1 through 8. Using evidence from the phylogenetic tree determine which species would be MOST closely related to the species on branch C? Question options: The species on Branch A is most closely related to the species on branch C because they share the most recent common ancestor at node 1. The species on Branch B is most closely related to the species on branch C because they share the greatest number of common +ancestors. The species on Branch A & B are both most closely related to the species on branch C because they share the most most recent common ancestor at node 2. The species on Branches F, G, H, and I are all equally related to the species on branch C because they all split from a common ancestor at the same time which is illustrated by having nodes 2 and 7 at the…arrow_forwardUsing the picture below, make a phylogenetic tree. Make sure that all seven (7) creatures, including the outgroup, are on the tree and assigned their own branch. Make sure all parts of the tree are properly labeled. Circle the different clades/monophyletic groups (many will be overlapping and that's okay). ALSO, In the lineage leading to each new node, be sure to indicate the shared derived character and how it has changed (e.g., if the synapomorphy was having eyes, we would indicate this on the tree by drawing something like this no eyes > eyes). Don't forget to add the root! Finally, circle all your clades/ monophyletic groups and give them informative names like a good little systematist! Please follow all these steps to create the phylogenetic tree. Do it correctly and completely. Do not use previous versions/answers.arrow_forwardIdentify the outgroup from the phylogenetic trees and box/mark the whole lineage in red. Identify the most recent common ancestor for species A and B and mark it in blue. Identify the most recent common ancestor for species C and D and mark it in green. ABCDE DE 면 V BIU GGG !!! 르르르 M comprearrow_forward
- Use the following matrix to create a phylogenetic tree showing the relationship of the species. Mark the position of species and traits on your tree. +: is to represent the presence of the traits -: is to represent the absence of the traitsarrow_forwardAsaparrow_forwardBelow are phylogenetic trees depicting the relationships among four species, A, B, C, and D. Which of the following statements is correct? ABCD ADCB DCBA D CAB (1) (2) (3) (4) Tree (1) and Tree (2) are the same tree. Tree (2) and Tree (4) are the same tree. Tree (2) and Tree (3) are the same tree. All four trees are in fact the same tree. All four trees are in fact different trees.arrow_forward
- When constructing phylogenetic trees, what is the purpose of applying maximum parsimony? Parsimony allows the researcher to "root" the tree. For trees based on morphology, the most parsimonious tree requires the maximum evolutionary events. The outgroup roots the tree, allowing the principle of parsimony to be applied. For trees based on morphology, the most parsimonious is the one that uses the simplest explanation of evolutionary events.arrow_forwardExamine the following phylogenetic tree illustrated in Figure shown in the picture. In general, what does a phylogenetic tree illustrate? How do you compare the relationships of organisms BB, CC, and DD?arrow_forwardShow a phylogenetic tree that reflects the evolutionary relationships between the following taxa. All of the taxa should be on one (1) tree; var. stands for variety, a subspecific taxon (just as a genus can contain several to many species, a species can include several varieties). Family Fagaceae Quercus rubra var. rubra Red oak Quercus rubra var. borealis northern red oak Quercus velutina Black oak Fagus grandifolia Beech Castanea dentata American chestnut Castanea pumila var. pumila Chinquapin Castanea pumila var. ashei Coastal chinquapin Family Betulaceae Betula nigra River birch Betula papyrifera Paper birch Corylus cornuta Beaked hazel-nut Corylus americana American hazel-nut asap pleasearrow_forward
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