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Choose the best matching phrase in the right column for each of the terms in the left column.
| a. isogenic lines | 1. Fraternal |
| a. QTL | 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| a. response to selection | 3. proportion of total |
| a. association mapping | 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| a. MZ twins | 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| a. DZ twins | 6. Identical |
| a. congenic lines | 7. measure of evolution |
| a. linkage disequilibrium | 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| a. heritability | 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| a. genetic relatedness | 10. contain introgressions |
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “isogenic lines” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction: An isogenic cell line can be defined as the cell line that is specifically engineered from the parental line through gene mutation.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
isogenic lines: homozygous for all genomic regions
Explanation of Solution
Isogenic lines are in some manner related to the lines that are non-genetically modified and from which genetically modified strains are developed.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “QTL” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction: QTL stands for quantitative trait loci and is a section of DNA which correlates with the specific variations of quantitative trait.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
QTL: genes contributing to complex traits.
Explanation of Solution
QTL stands for Quantative Trait Loci. These are those segments of the DNA in which genes underlying a quantitative trait are considered. Hence, QTL relates to the genes that contribute towards different tratits.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “response to selection” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction: Response to selection is associated with the type of advantages and the natural selection.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
response to selection: measure of evolution
Explanation of Solution
Response to various types of selection taking place in a species or in a community is shown as the evolution of the species. It changes the heritable characters over many generations.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “association mapping” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction: Mapping can be defined as the methods that are used for the identification of gene locus.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
association mapping: takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history.
Explanation of Solution
Mapping of loci contributing towards the quantitative trait is done by the method of association mapping. The process of association mapping takes advantage of linkage disequilibrium to link the phenotypes and the genotypes.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “MZ twins” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
Monozygotic twins are those that are produced with the help of single zygote and possesses similar features.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
MZ twins: identical
Explanation of Solution
An embryo developed by separation of a single zygote gives rise to monozygotic twins. These twins are identical to each other in all aspects, genetically as well as phenotypically.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “DZ twins” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
Fertilization leads to the development of the zygote. When two different eggs and sperms are involved in the process, it results in the development of dizygotic twins.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
DZ twins: fraternal
Explanation of Solution
Fertilization of two different eggs with the help of two different sperms gives rise to dizygotic twins. These twins are not identical to each other. Dizygotic embryos get implanted in the uterus at the same time. They are also known as fraternal twins.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “congenic lines” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
The congenic types of strains are developed in the laboratory conditions by the process of mating of two different inbred strains.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
congenic lines: contains introgressions
Explanation of Solution
Organisms having genetic difference only at a single locus relates to the congenic lines.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “linkage disequilibrium” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
The process of linkage and equilibrium of alleles are associated with the process of disequilibrium.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
linkage disequilibrium: blocks of association between variants at different loci
Explanation of Solution
Disequilibrium in the linkage and association of alleles at two or more loci are related to each other. It is the difference between the observed frequencies of a combination of two or more alleles that are present on different loci.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “heritability” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
Heritability can be defined as the statistic unit in the field of genetics and breeding that helps in the estimation of degree of variation.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
heritability: proportion of phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance
Explanation of Solution
The proportion of the phenotypic variance that to the variation in the genotype is given by heritability.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “genetic relatedness” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
Proportion or amount of genes can be estimated with the help of quantitative estimation that are shared among two persons.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
genetic relatedness: 0.5 for siblings
Explanation of Solution
Quantitative estimation for the proportion of genes that are shared between two individuals is given by genetic relatedness. In a family, siblings from the same parents have a 0.5 genetic relatedness.
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Chapter 22 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
- a. What is a complex trait? How many genes do we expect to affect a complex trait? b. How linkage (and linkage disequilibrium) relates to a GWAS?arrow_forwardExplain briefly following: 1. Alleles 2. Sex links 3.lethal genes 4. Sex limited and sex influence traits.arrow_forwardI. Chi-Square Test Phenotype Class Observed Frequency (0) Seed Expected Frequency (E) Deviation d2 d?/E (d=0-E) Corn Tall-normal 26 9 17 289 3.01 (Corn) Rice Tall-wrinkled 26 3 23 529 5.51 (Rice) Mongo Dwarf-normal 25 3 22 256 2.66 (Mongo) Squash Dwarf- 19 3 116 484 5.04 wrinkled (Squash) 16.22 Degree of freedom - 4-1-3 EL X' = S lau -8) 23 G,089 18 %3D X'= 338 Exercise No. 4- Gene Segregation and Interaction 4 What can you conclude based on the value of the computed Chi-square? How can you relate the two principles of Mendel to Chi-Square Values?arrow_forward
- 20.TRC is a non mendelian trait. A.what is the mode of inheritance of total ridge count (TRC) in human? B. Give two factor that influence this TRC trait. C.if father has genotype of AaBbccdd and mother has a aaBbccDd .what is the genotype of the maximum and minimum TRC for their expected children?arrow_forwardMatch the pattern of inheritance to the appropriate term. Group of answer choices 1. Recessive epistasis 2. Frequency-dependent selection 3. Incomplete Dominance 4. Pleiotropy 5. Cytoplasmic inheritance 6. Partial penetrance 7. environmentally dependent phenotype 8. sex influenced trait A. Heterozygotes with different alleles of the DTL1 gene survive better than homozygotes B. The disease is usually passed from a mother to all children C. Pure-breeding pumpkin plants grown on sandy soil have bigger seeds than plants of the same pure-breeding lineage grown on peaty soil. D. A cross between a true-breeding plant with serrated leaf edges and a true- breeding plant with smooth leaf edges produces an F1 generation with 88% plants with serrated leaves. E. A cross between two heterozygotes, DdFf, produces offspring in three phenotypic groups; Long wings in offspring with genotype D_F_, short wings in offspring with D_ff, and no wings in offspring with the genotypes…arrow_forwardHow can you recognize codominance? Group of answer choices 1. The heterozygote expresses the phenotypes coded for by both alleles 2. The phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between the 3. phenotypes of the homozygotes. 4. The alleles affect more than one trait. 5. The trait exhibits continuous variationarrow_forward
- https://www. Homozygous or Heterozygous 1. Bb 2. FF 3. DD 4. Rr Genotypes and Phenotypes 5. Tt 6. Qq 7. Long nose 8. Н 9. Brown hair Punnett Square B = Purple Hair %3D b = Yellow Hair %3D re to searcharrow_forward4. Attached earlobes are dominant over free hanging earlobes. Complete the Punnett Square for the following individuals: Mom-Bb and Dad=bb Provide the genotype and phenotype ratios using the Punnett square given below. Genotypes 5. When two alleles are observed independently in a phenotype is called multiple alleles. Human blood group ABO is a good example of multiple alleles. The three alleles are: IA, IB, i. Mother's blood type is AB (IAI³) and father's blood type is B (I³i). Provide the genotype and phenotype ratios using the Punnett square given below. Genotypes Phenotypes Genotypes Phenotypes 6. When the allele of a trait is found on X or Y chromosome, it becomes sex-linked. The results differ from males to females. One such example is of red green colorblindness. The mother is a carrier (X© Xº ), and the father is colorblind (X© Y). Provide the genotype and phenotype ratios using the Punnett square given below. Phenotypesarrow_forwardBriefly describe the polygenic threshold theory. How polygenic traits can be genetically determined? What are major factors affecting gene frequencies? How the Hardy-Weinberg relationship can be used in genetic counseling? Is it useful for genetic risk prediction?arrow_forward
- B What is the genotype ratio? What is the phenotype ratio? 3. What are the expected genotype and phenotype ratios in the following genetic conditions? Use scratch paper to do the Punnett square if needed but you do not need to draw it on the worksheet. a. Monohybrid cross between 2 heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa) Genotype ratio: 1:2:1 Phenotype ratio: 3:1 G q 8:32 a b. Dihybrid cross between 2 heterozygous individuals (AaBb x AaBb) Genotype ratio: Phenotype ratio: 4. Both Mrs. Smith and Mrs. Jones had babies the same day in the same hospital. Mrs. Smith took home a baby girl, whom she named Sharon. Mrs. Jones took home a girl, whom she named Jane. Mrs. Jones began to suspect, however, that the child had been accidentally switched with Mrs. Smith baby in the nursery. Blood test were made; Mr. Smith was type A, Mrs. Smith was type B, Mr. Jones was type A, Mrs. Jones was type A. Sharon was type O, and Jane was type. B. Had a mix-up occurred? Use scratch paper, you do not need to…arrow_forwardFor this worksheet use the following alleles: T=Tall t=short B=blue b=purple M=monkey toes m=regular toes L=large size l=small size E=brown eyes e=blue eyes R=round r=wrinkled G=green g-yellow D=double d=singlearrow_forward9. F. A. B. E. C. D. The allele for normal skin pigmentation (A) is dominant to absence of pigmentation (a), albinism. Answer the following questions about the inheritance of this disease. What is the genotype of a woman with normal skin pigmentation who has a baby that is an albino? What is the genotype of the baby in A above? did not have the Can 2 people with normally pigmented skin have a baby that is an albino? Explain your answer. If 2 heterozygous people marry, what is the chance that their first child is an albino? Explain your answer. for the the If the first child from E above is an albino, what is the chance the second child is normal? Explain your answer. Can 2 people who are both albinos have a child who is not an albino? Explain your answer. 40arrow_forward
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning