Universe
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319039448
Author: Robert Geller, Roger Freedman, William J. Kaufmann
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 20, Problem 11CC
To determine
The source of energy required to heat up the bubbles, which in turn expands the bubbles and produces a shock wave in the couse of a supernova’s explosion.
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When the Sun becomes a red giant, it's luminosity will be 2000 times its current value. The solar flux at Earth will also increase by a factor of 2000. Neglecting the greenhouse effect, the surface temperature of the earth is determined by thermal equilibrium: the flux of radiation absorbed equals the flux of radiation emitted. This means the Earth's surface flux must also increase by a factor of 2000. If the current average surface temperature is 58 degrees F, what will the average surface temperature be when the Sun is a red giant.
Express your answer in units of degrees Fahrenheit.
[Hint: Recall that the Stefan-Boltzmann law says that the flux F emitted by a blackbody is related to its surface temperature T (measured in Kelvins) is F=σT4 . Use this law in the form of a ratio, expressing T in Kelvins. Then convert back to Fahrenheit.]
During the collapse of a supernova explosion, calculate the change in gravitational potential
energy associated with the core size. Assume a typical core mass of 1.4 Msun and an initial
radius of 1000 km.
Betelgeuse is a nearby supergiant that will eventually explode into a supernova. Let's see
how awesome it would look. At peak brightness, the supernova will have a luminosity of
about 10 billion times the Sun. It is 600 light-years away. All stellar brightnesses are
compared with Vega, which has an intrinsic luminosity of about 60 times the Sun, a distance
of 25 light-years, an absolute magnitude of 0.6 and an apparent magnitude of 0 (by
definition).
a) At peak brightness, how many times brighter will Betelgeuse be than Vega?
b) Approximately what apparent magnitude does this correspond to?
c) The Sun is about -26.5 apparent magnitude. What fraction of the Sun's brightness will
Betelgeuse be?
Chapter 20 Solutions
Universe
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- A supernova remnant was observed in 2007 to be expanding at a velocity of 14,000 km/s and had a radius of 6.5 light-years. Assuming a constant expansion velocity, in what year did this supernova occur?arrow_forwardWhy does a type II supernova explode? in two sentences.arrow_forwardObservations show that stellar luminosity, L, and mass, M, are related by L x M3.5 for main sequence stars. Obtain an expression that relates the main sequence life time and the mass of a star. You should assume that the luminosity is constant throughout a star's main sequence life time, and that the amount of mass converted into energy by a star while it is on the main sequence is given by AM main sequence life time of a 20 Solar mass star given that the Sun is expected to spend 1010 years on the main sequence. Comment on the significance of your answer. fM, where f is a constant. Estimate thearrow_forward
- 24 If the Temperature of the core of a supernova is 3200 x 1023 K, what should be the average translational kinetic energy of the particles moving inside this supernov (Boltzmann's constant = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K) Type your answer...arrow_forwardIn SN1987a the neutrino signal arrived about 3 hours before the optical signal. This suggests that it took 3 hours for the shockwave to propagate out through the star. If the blue supergiant progenitor to SN1987a had a radius of 10 ?⊙ R ⊙ , and assuming the shockwave was spherical and propagated from the center of the star, estimate the speed of the shockwave in km/s.arrow_forwardA red giant star might have radius = 104 times the solar radius, and luminosity = 1730 times solar luminosity. Use the data given below to calculate the temperature at the surface of the red giant star. Data: solar radius R = 7 x 108 meters solar luminosity L = 4 x 1026 watts Stefan-Boltzmann constant a = 5.67 x 10-8 W m² K-4 (in K) A: 1226 OB: 1434 OC: 1678 OD: 1963 OE: 2297 OF: 2688 OG: 3145 OH: 3679arrow_forward
- A supernova's energy is often compared to the total energy output of the Sun over its lifetime. Using the Sun's current luminosity, calculate the total solar energy output, assuming a 1010 year main-sequence lifetime. Using Einstein's formula E = mc? calculate the equivalent amount of mass, expressed in Earth masses. [Hint: The total energy output of the Sun over its lifetime is given by its current luminosity times the number of seconds in a year times its ten billion-year lifetime; Week 5 slide 4; mass of earth = 6x1024kg; c = 3x10®m/s. Your answer should be 200-300 Earth masses.]arrow_forwardA supernova’s energy is often compared to the total energy output of the Sun over its lifetime. Using the Sun’s current luminosity, calculate the total solar energy output, assuming a 1010 year main-sequence lifetime. Using Einstein’s formula E=mc2 calculate the equivalent amount of mass, expressed in Earth masses. [Hint: The total energy output of the Sun over its lifetime is given by its current luminosity times the number of seconds in a year times its ten billion-year lifetime; ; mass of earth = 6×1024kg; c = 3×108m/s. Your answer should be 200-300 Earth masses.]arrow_forwardExplain what happens during a supernova, what features it produces, and the process of nucleosynthesisarrow_forward
- For the PP chain 0.7% of the mass participating in nuclear fusion is liberated as energy which produces a star's luminosity. Assume that the core of a main sequence star consists of 10% of its total mass. Hence, estimate the lifetime of a star on the main sequence in terms of its luminosity L/L. Give your answer in years. You may use the observed mass-luminosity relation L x M³.5, where M is the star's total mass. Using typical values, calculate estimates for the main sequence lifetime of a KO star and a 05 star. Describe briefly why your estimate might be more accurate for K stars compared to O stars.arrow_forwardHow would the spectra of a type II supernova be different from a type Ia supernova? Hint: Consider the characteristics of the objects that are their source.arrow_forward
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