Understanding Our Universe
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780393614428
Author: PALEN, Stacy, Kay, Laura, Blumenthal, George (george Ray)
Publisher: W.w. Norton & Company,
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Chapter 16.4, Problem 16.4CYU
To determine
The process that is described by the standard model.
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What can change the expansion rate of the Universe over time?
Gravity: Attractive forces increase the expansion rate by pulling mass together making gravity stronger.
Gravity decreases the expansion rate, while electromagnetic forces are always repulsive and speed-up expansion.
Attractive forces such as gravity decrease the expansion rate. Repulsive forces would speed-up expansion by pushing spacetime apart.
Nothing, since the expansion rate remains always constant, and it is measured from Hubble's law.
Sketch a caricature or diagram of the situation or phenomenon showing that
Hubble’s Law strongly implies an expanding universe. And provide an explanation.
3. Consider the following two universes:
Universe I: flat, matter-dominated with no cosmological constant or radiation, in which
a(t) = (t/to)2/3.
Universe II: flat, radiation-dominated with no cosmological constant or matter, in
which a(t) = (t/to) ¹/².
a. Which universe is expanding the fastest?
b. For each case, use the Hubble law to show that to = 3/(2H₁) and to = 1/(2H₁) for
universes I and II respectively.
c. Based on the previous question, which universe would be the youngest assuming a
given Ho value?
Chapter 16 Solutions
Understanding Our Universe
Ch. 16.1 - Prob. 16.1CYUCh. 16.2 - Prob. 16.2CYUCh. 16.3 - Prob. 16.3CYUCh. 16.4 - Prob. 16.4CYUCh. 16.5 - Prob. 16.5CYUCh. 16.6 - Prob. 16.6CYUCh. 16 - Prob. 1QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 2QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 3QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 4QAP
Ch. 16 - Prob. 5QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 6QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 7QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 8QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 9QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 10QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 11QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 12QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 13QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 14QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 15QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 16QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 17QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 18QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 19QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 20QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 21QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 22QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 24QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 25QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 26QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 27QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 28QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 29QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 30QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 31QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 32QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 33QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 34QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 35QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 36QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 37QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 38QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 39QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 40QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 41QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 42QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 43QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 44QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 45QAP
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, physics and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Describe at least two characteristics of the universe that are explained by the standard Big Bang model.arrow_forwardSome theorists expected that observations would show that the density of matter in the universe is just equal to the critical density. Do the current observations support this hypothesis?arrow_forwardDescribe the evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.arrow_forward
- There is still some uncertainty in the Hubble constant. (a) Current estimates range from about 19.9 km/s per million light-years to 23 km/s per million light-years. Assume that the Hubble constant has been constant since the Big Bang. What is the possible range in the ages of the universe? Use the equation in the text, T0=1H , and make sure you use consistent units. (b) Twenty years ago, estimates for the Hubble constant ranged from 50 to 100 km/s per Mps. What are the possible ages for the universe from those values? Can you rule out some of these possibilities on the basis of other evidence?arrow_forwardExplain why the universe cannot be older than the Hubble time.arrow_forwardIf the mass density of the universe is above the critical density as it appears to be with the mass detected so far, then the universe is a. flat b. negatively curved C. in steady state d. positively curvedarrow_forward
- Which particles are not present in the universe at t=300s after the big bang ? select one : a. Electons b. photons c. neutrons d. Positronsarrow_forward1. The current (critical) density of our universe is pe = 10-26kg/m³. Assume the universe is filled with cubes with equal size that each contain one person of m = 100kg. What would the length of the side of such a cube have to be in order to give the correct critical density? How many hydrogen atoms would you need in a box of 1 m³ to reach the critical density? The matter we know, which consists mostly of hydrogen, constitutes only 4.8% of the current critical energy density of our universe. So how many hydrogen atoms are actually in a box of 1 m3 in our universe? Deep space is very empty and a much better vacuum than we can obtain on earth in a laboratory.arrow_forwardGalaxy seeds around which galaxies, clusters, and walls grew may have been a. caused by hot dark matter. b. caused by baryons. c. the result of the separation of the electromagnetic and weak forces. d. the result of freezing water molecules shortly after the universe became transparent to photons. e. caused by microscopic random fluctuations in the infant universe.arrow_forward
- Does Hubble's Law work well for galaxies in the Local Group (such as Andromeda)? No, because dark energy is accelerating the universe's expansion over those distances. No, because we do not know the precise value of Ho. No, because Hubble did not know the Local Group existed when he discovered his law. Yes, it works well for all galaxies. No, because galaxies in the Local Group are bound gravitationally together.arrow_forwardUsing Ho = 20.8 km/s/Mly and assuming the expansion rate has been constant, find out how long the universe has been expanding.arrow_forwardWhy do Weinberg and other scientists seriously consider the possibility that the Standard Model is just a tentative explanation for the composition of the universe?arrow_forward
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