What would you expect if a patient carries a mutation in Hexokinase IV (HKIV) that lowers the Km from 10mM to 4mM? O HKIV is still regulated by its product G6P so nothing will change O This change is irrelevant since HKIV is only expressed in muscle cells O mutant HKIV will have a greater change in reaction velocity in response to change in Glucose levels O mutant HKIV will have a reduced change in reaction velocity in response to change in Glucose levels O Mutant HKIV will always be less saturated by glucose compared to WT HKIV
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- 5. Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) is an important enzyme regulating insulin signaling be- cause it catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphorylated tyrosine residues on the insulin receptor and on insulin receptor substrates, proteins of approximately 200,000 molecular weight that serve as cell sig- naling intermediates. The reaction has been shown to adhere to the following mechanism in the scheme below: k3 E-P 2- E + AROPO, НОРО,* 2- E • AROPO, ArОH where ArOPO32- represents the phosphorylated aromatic group. (a) (. ) With p-nitrophenyl-phosphate (PNPP), a syn- thetic organic substrate under conditions [So] >> Eo], the traces illustrated in the diagram to the right were obtained whereby the optical density at 410 nm monitors the release of the p-nitrophenolate anion (see reaction scheme above) upon cleavage of the ArOPO32- substrate. What is this phe- nomenon called? What information does this observation 0.14 0.12 [PTP1]=0.054 mM 0.1 0.08 0.06 [PTP1]=0.027 mM 0.04 provide about…High [ATP] slows glycolysis and speeds of gluconeogenesis because (check all that apply): Pyruvate kinase is allosterically inhibited by low [ATP] PFK-1 is allosterically inhibited by low [ATP] FBPase-1 is inhibited by high [AMP] FBPase-1 is inhibited by low [AMP] Pyruvate kinase is allosterically inhibited by high [ATP] PFK-1 is allosterically inhibited by high [ATP]select the BEST answer Aconitase is most interesting in that it: Can be coded for by 2 different genes O Exists as either a membrane bound or soluble protein depending on intracellular conditions O Has 2 distinct roles depending on the availability of Iron O Can change the AGº' of it's reaction O Is itself an allosteric regulator of the PDH complex
- A strain of mice has been developed that lack the enzyme phosphorylase kinase. Yet, after strenuous exercise, the glycogen stores of a mouse of this strain are depleted. Explain how this depletion is possible.Phosphofructokinase-1 is the main flux controlling enzyme for glycolysis. It is inhibited by high [ATP]. There exist metabolic circumstances in which the inhibition by ATP is overridden. Draw velocity vs. [S] graphs showing the inhibition of PFK-1 activity by ATP and the circumstance in which the inhibition by ATP is overridden.Which of the following tumor-promoting (oncogenic) proteins promotes increased uptake of glutamine? Group of answer choices Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase Myc GLUT1 HIF-1 Which of the following has the greatest capacity for ATP production by aerobic respiration? fast twitch muscle slow twitch muscle white fat brown fat Which of the following is an inhibitor of Complex I? Azide UCP1 Catalase Rotenone Which of the following facilitates electron transfer from a 2 electron carrier to a 1 electron carrier? Complex II Complex I Complex III Complex IV
- Phosphorylase kinase integrates signals from thecyclic-AMP-dependent and Ca2+-dependent signalingpathways that control glycogen breakdown in liver andmuscle cells (Figure Q15–4). Phosphorylase kinase is com-posed of four subunits. One is the protein kinase that cata-lyzes the addition of phosphate to glycogen phosphorylaseto activate it for glycogen breakdown. The other three sub-units are regulatory proteins that control the activity of thecatalytic subunit. Two contain sites for phosphorylation byPKA, which is activated by cyclic AMP. The remaining sub-unit is calmodulin, which binds Ca2+ when the cytosolicCa2+ concentration rises. The regulatory subunits controlthe equilibrium between the active and inactive confor-mations of the catalytic subunit, with each phosphate andCa2+ nudging the equilibrium toward the active confor-mation. How does this arrangement allow phosphorylasekinase to serve its role as an integrator protein for the mul-tiple pathways that stimulate glycogen…In order for a fatty acid stored in an adipocyte to be oxidized by a muscle cell, which of the following will need to be present/utilized? Check all that apply. Multiple answers can be selected Acyl CoA Synthetase CD36 malate-aspartate shuttle dephosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase GLUT 4What would be the effect of the Glucagon initiated cascade on inhibition of ATP Synthase by IF1? Metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells correlates to an enhanced expression of IF1. What would be the effect on the TCA? Why might that lead to lactoacidosis?
- What type of regulation would be expected when anaerobic metabolism is occurring in the muscle? Select all that apply. O Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase O Increased levels of calcium to activate pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase O Phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase O Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex O Increased levels of NADH to activate citrate synthase O Increased levels of NADH to inhibit alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex O Increased levels of acetyl CoA to activate pyruvate carboxylase for gluconeogenesisWhich of the following is an expected effect of HIF-1 regulated release of VEGF? Group of answer choices decreased reliance on oxygen for ATP production increased blood supply to hypoxic regions of tissues increased lactate production increased ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation Which of these is LEAST likely to be present at higher levels as a result of stabilization of HIF-1? Group of answer choices citrate hexokinase lactate dehydrogenase pyruvate dehydrogenase kinaseMetformin is a commonly used treatment for type 2 diabetes. The active compound was isolated from the french lilac plant and was first used in the 1770s to treat individuals with excessive thirst and frequent urination (LaMoia & Shulman, 2020). Its exact mechanism of action is still under debate, but it ultimately works to lower blood glucose levels. Which of the following proposed mechanisms could explain how metformin works? O inhibits the function of liver glycogen synthase, an enzyme involved in glycogenesis O increases the release of glucagon by the pancreas O decreases gluconeogenesis in the liver O inhibits the breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue