Question 9 Listen C. elegans, a tiny worm has about as many genes as humans, but makes far fewer types of proteins. This is likely due to the fact that: a) There is more transcriptional regulation in humans than in worms b) Humans and worms have a different genetic code c) There is more alternate splicing in humans than in worms
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GQ9
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- Question 7 Review translation. Match the term and its description. Each term can only be used once. transfer amino acids to the growing polypeptide in a ribosome |Choose | these base-pairs of a ERNA with a complementary codon on MRNA [ Choose J The two ribosomal subunits (large and small) are made of proteins | Choose | and this RNA called >Question 2. Ribosomes are cellular structures that are composed of protein and RNA; this structure is responsible for catalyzing peptide bond formation between amino acids during a process known as translation. a) Many antibiotics that kill bacteria target translation. Why might this be an effective mechanism to kill bacteria? Why don't antibiotics also kill human (eukaryotic) ribosomes? b) The antibiotic Kasugamycin (KSG) destabilizes the P-site of the ribosome. Describe what parts of translation would be altered in the presence of this antibiotic. c) How does the following graph show the efficacy of translational knockdown with KSG? Met-Methionine C % of Met incorporation 100 80 60 40 20 0 + 0 2 4 6 8 KSG concentration (mg/ml) 10Question 1 All are stages in transcription EXCEPT: A chain termination. B DNase I activity on RNA polymerase/DNA complex. c) binding of RNA polymerase holoenzyme at the promoter sites. chain elongation.
- Question 1 options: The specificity pocket of the serine protease chymotrypsin, which interacts with Tyr and Phe-containing peptide sequences, contains a Ser residue. A research group is trying to modify chymotrypsin such that it has a low KM with Trp-containing peptides. Enter the name or abbreviation of an amino acid that the Ser could be mutated to that would likely have the desired effect. (Hint: look at the diagrams of the specificity pockets shown in the course slides, and consider how the Ser would need to change to account for the difference between Tyr/Phe and Trp.)Question 5A You are doing a genetic engineering experiment. You use restrictions enzymes to cut the regulatory sequences from the lac operon and replace them with the regulatory sequences of the trp operon. Specifically, you will eliminate everything upstream of the beginning of lacZ and replace them with the trp sequences upstream of the beginning of trpE, including trpR. Now, describe the regulation of your ñew constructed gene. What will you do to get expression of the three lac genes? The lac Operon and its Control Elements lacl CAP PO lacz lacY lacA genes 5 binding site 3 DNA AUG AUG AUG messenger RNA RNA polymerase blocked from transcribing trp operon Regulatory gene trp operon DNA PR trpR Ptrp trpE trpD trpC trpB trpA Repressor bound to operator Promoter 5' 3' trpR-MRNA (a) Tryptophan present, repressor bound to operator, operon ropressed. When complexed with tryptophan, the repressor protein produced by the trpR gene binds tightly to the trp operator, thereby preventing RNA…Question: 2. Genes in the same species that have similar related functions are: a. paralogous b. orthologous c. homologous d. heterologous 3. Fill in the blanks: The process of [blank] occurs prior to splicing and changes the [ blank ] of the gene potentially producing a new gene with a related function. 1st blank options: ["exon shuffling", "subfunctionalization", "combinatorial action", "pseudogene construction"] 2nd blank options: ["homeodomain", "domain architecture", "orthology", "multigene family"]
- Question 2: Part a: Complete the table describing different components of intron removal from mRNA. Nu:, X and Y refer to B-type chemistry shown on the previous page. (YELLOW table shown) Part b: Complete the table describing different components of group I self-splicing intron removal from 26S rRNA in Tetrahymena. (BLUE table shown) Part c: Draw the intron with an all atom structure for Branchpoint A after intron removal from mRNA Part d: Draw the Group I self-splicing intron with an all atom structure for the Guanosine cofactor after intron removal from 26S rRNA in Tetrahymena.Question 1. Enzymes, proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) macromolecules. Enzymes are not only speed up the reaction, but also are necessary for DNA repreduction. are important biological a) Compare the process of protein synthesis between eukaryote mRNA and viral RNA b) With the aid of a diagram, draw an adapter molecule that recognizes the codons of mRNA and explain its functions in DNA translation.Question 5. AP1 is a transcription factor and an important regulator of gene expression and cell proliferation. Dysregulation of AP1 function may lead to cancer. The fos gene codes for AP1. Below is an experiment in which the role of a micro‐RNA (miR‐7b) in the regulation of fos gene expression was studied. miR‐7b shows partial sequence complementarity to the 3′‐untranslated region of fos mRNA. A DNA fragment coding for miR‐7b RNA and another fragment coding for a micro‐RNA unrelated to fos mRNA were cloned into vectors, and the recombinant plasmids (designated si‐miR‐7b, samples 3 and 4, and si‐miR‐neg, samples 5 and 6, respectively, in Fig. 1) were introduced into mouse fibroblast cells. Non-transfected cells were used as controls (samples 1 and 2). Samples 2, 4, and 6, were treated with a chemical PMA that induces transcription of fos gene; samples 1, 3, and 5 were left untreated. Two hours after PMA treatment protein extracts were prepared from the cultures and were then…
- Question 6. What are the first three amino acids in the protein that is produced from this gene? Write the amino acids using the three-letter code separated by a hyphen. -35 sequence Pribnow box 3' 5' GATTCCGTATTACAGCATAGGCTATATT CACGTGGATGGTCAGTA... 3' CTAAGGCATA ATGTCGTATCCGATATAAGTGCACCTA CCGATCAT... 5' Start siteQuestion 1. Suppose that the diagram below represents the genomic organization of an enzyme involved in eye pigment production in mice. Within the gene are four exons. Biochemical analysis has revealed that the active site of the enzyme is located in the C terminus of the protein. The nucleotide length of each exon and intron is shown. The dinucleotide sequence GT represents the 5’ splice site and the dinucleotide sequence AG represents the 3’ splice site. Both the 5’ and the 3’ splice sites must be present for splicing to occur. Assume that the first and second stop codons are located immediately after the first and second 5’ splice sites, respectively; the third and fourth stop codons are located near the 3’ end of exons 3 and 4, respectively; all these stop codons are in the correct reading frame. E) Suppose you isolate a mutant mouse that has white eyes. When you examine the size of the eye pigment enzyme produced by this mouse, you see that it is 400 amino acids long. Sequence…Question 4. Which enzyme is used in the processing of miRNAs that are encoded in the genome but NOT in the processing of exogenously added siRNAs?