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- Introductory: The Caesar Cipher technique is one of the earliest and simplest methods of encryption techniques. It is simply a type of substitution cipher, i.e., each letter of a given text is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. For example, with a shift of 1, A would be replaced by B, B would become C, and so on. The method is apparently named after Julius Caesar, who apparently used it to communicate with his officials. Thus, to cipher a given text we need an integer value, known as a shift which indicates the number of positions each letter of the text has been moved down. The encryption can be represented using modular arithmetic by first transforming the letters into numbers, according to the scheme, A = 0, B = 1 ,…, Z = 25. Encryption of a letter by a shift n can be described mathematically as. En(x) = (x+n) mod 26 (Encryption Phase with shift n) Write an algorithm and implement a program in C to read the data from a file (called…Artificial intelligence (Question - 6) ======================= One variation on the game of nim is described in Luger. The game begins with a single pile of stones. The move by a player consists of dividing a pile into two piles that contain an unequal number of stones. For example, if one pile contains six stones, it could be subdivided into piles of five and one, or four and two, but not three and three. The first player who cannot make a move loses the game.(6.1) Draw the complete game tree for this version of Nim if the start state consists of six stones.(6.2) Perform a minimax evaluation for this game. Let 1 denote a win and 0 a loss.PYTHON: In order to beat AlphaZero, Grandmaster Hikaru is improving her chess calculation skills.Today, Hikaru took a big chessboard with N rows (numbered 1 through N) and N columns (numbered 1 through N). Let's denote the square in row r and column c of the chessboard by (r,c). Hikaru wants to place some rooks on the chessboard in such a way that the following conditions are satisfied:• Each square of the board contains at most one rook.• There are no four rooks forming a rectangle. Formally, there should not be any four valid integers r1, c1, r2, c2 (≠r2,c1≠c2) such that there are rooks on squares (r1,c1), (r1,c2 (r2,c1)and (r2,c2).• The number of rooks is at least 8N.Help Hikaru find a possible distribution of rooks. If there are multiple solutions, you may find any one. It is guaranteed that under the given constraints, a solution always exists.InputThe first line of the input contains a single integer T denoting the number of test cases. The first and only line of each test case…
- Artificial Intelligence - Local Search Starting from a randomly generated state of the 15-puzzle game (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_puzzle), steepest-ascent hill-climbing (the vanilla version of hill-climbing search) gets stuck 76% of the time, i.e., solving only 24% of problem instances. But it works very quickly, i.e., it takes just 6 steps on average when it succeeds and 5 steps when it gets stuck. In contrast, if sideways moves are allowed, this raises the percentage of problem instances solved by hill-climbing from 24% to 81%, with the success at a cost: the algorithm averages roughly 7 steps for each successful instance and 32 steps for each failure. Now suppose that we are implementing random-restart hill climbing (i.e., if a search fails, it keeps to try, and try, until it gets a success) by the following two versions: one uses vanilla steepest-ascent hill climbing, and the other one uses hill climbing with sideways moves. Can you please tell which version of…Parallel Lines python 3 Write a program to draw a set of linear lines with equation y = mx + b where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept. Prompt user to enter the slope and y-intercept. Draw the line from x=-10 to x=10. Use numpy arange method to generate x values from -10 to 10 with step size of 0.1. For example., x = np.arange(-10, 10, 0.1) Use the plt.axis() function to set the range of x and y values from -10 to 10. Add xlabel with x-axis, ylabel with y-axis, and title Parallel Lines. After you have drawn the line, draw two lines that are parallel to the first line. Hint: Two lines are parallel if they have the same slope but different y-intercept. Draw two lines where the y-intercept value is one unit below the first line, and one unit above the first line. or example, if the first line y-intercept is 4, then draw lines with y-intercept of 3 and y-intercept of 5.Loops summary: for vs. while We have now seen that Python has two different loop constructs: the for loop and the while loop. The while loop is more powerful than the for loop, since it can be used in situations where the number of iterations isn't known in advance. For example, the following while loop answers the question: "If a population of bacteria increases in size by 21% every minute, how long does it take for the population size to double?" minutes = 0 population = 1000 growth_rate = 0.21 while population < 2000: population *= (1 + growth_rate) minutes += 1 print (f"{minutes} minutes required.") print (f"Population = {int(population)}") This would not be well suited to a for loop - we are trying to find out how many times the loop will run, and a for loop expects to know how many times it will run before it starts. In contrast, the for loop is a special case of the more general while loop, meaning that any program written with for loops can be rewritten to use while loops.…
- Blackout Math is a math puzzle in which you are given an incorrect arithmetic equation. The goal of the puzzle is to remove two of the digits and/or operators in the equation so that the resulting equation is correct. For example, given the equation 6 - 5 = 15 ^ 4/2 we can remove the digit 5 and the / operator from the right-hand side in order to obtain the correct equality 6 - 5 = 1 ^ 42. Both sides of the equation now equal to 1. Observe how removing an operator between two numbers (4 and 2) causes the digits of the numbers to be concatenated (42). Here is a more complicated example: 288 / 24 x 6 = 18 x 13 x 8 We can remove digits and operators from either side of the equals sign (either both from one side, or one on each side). In this case, we can remove the 2 from the number 24 on the left-hand side and the 1 from the number 13 on the right-hand side to obtain the correct equality 288 / 4 x 6 = 18 x 3 x 8 Both sides of the equation now equal to 432. Here is another puzzle for you…Union-Find: Maze Write a program that generates mazes of arbitrary size using the union-find algorithm. A simple algorithm to generate the maze is to start by creating an N x M grid of cells separated by walls on all sides, except for entrance and exit. Then continually choose a wall randomly, and knock it down if the cells are not already connected to each other. If we repeat the process until the starting and ending cells are connected, we have a maze. It is better to continue knocking down the walls until every cell is reachable from every cell as this would generate more false leads in the maze. Test you algorithm by creating a 15 x 15 grid, and print all the walls that have been knocked down. DIn mathematics, a prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers, i.e. is it has only two factors 1 and itself. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only ways of writing it as a product, 1 × 5 or 5 × 1, involve 5 itself.Note that the prime number series is: 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, …a. Write a Java method named isPrime that takes a natural number as a parameter and returns the if the given number is prime or not using the following header: Public static boolean isPrime(int num) b. Write a Java class called PrimeNumbers that: o Reads from the user a natural value n (should be less than or equal 200). o Prints a list of the prime numbers from 2 to n and their number and values. o The program has to work EXACTLY as given in the following sample run.Hints: • You should create a single dimension array to store the prime…
- In mathematics, a prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers, i.e. is it has only two factors 1 and itself. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only ways of writing it as a product, 1 × 5 or 5 × 1, involve 5 itself.Note that the prime number series is: 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, …a. Write a Java method named isPrime that takes a natural number as a parameter and returns the if the given number is prime or not using the following header: Public static boolean isPrime(int num) b. Write a Java class called PrimeNumbers that: o Reads from the user a natural value n (should be less than or equal 200). o Prints a list of the prime numbers from 2 to n and their number and values. o The program has to work EXACTLY as given in the following sample run.Python tic tac toe. Tic tac toe is a very popular game. Only two players can play at a time. Game Rules Traditionally the first player plays with "X". So you can decide who wants to go with "X" and who wants to go with "O". Only one player can play at a time. If any of the players have filled a square then the other player and the same player cannot override that square. There are only two conditions that may match will be a draw or may win. The player that succeeds in placing three respective marks (X or O) in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row wins the game. Winning condition Whoever places three respective marks (X or O) horizontally, vertically, or diagonally will be the winner. Submit your code and screenshots of your code in action. Hints : Have a function that draws the board Have a function that checks position if empty or not Have a function that checks player or won or not expected output:python: numpy def not_stealing(items): """ While you're shopping, you notice that some items you've picked up do not have a price tag. Do you steal them? NO! Instead, you decide to be a good person and replace them with another item that does have a price. - Items with no price will have a value of np.nan. - Replace np.nan values with a random price between $5 and $9, inclusive. - Return the average of the new prices in the array, rounded to 2 decimal places. - DO NOT REMOVE random.seed(1) Args: items (np.array) Returns: float >> items = np.array([4.63, np.nan, 3.78, 7.12, 12.35, 7.19, np.nan, 1.50, 2.41]) >> not_stealing(items) 5.66 """ #DO NOT REMOVE# random.seed(1) ############## # items = np.array([4.63, np.nan, 3.78, 7.12, 12.35, 7.19, np.nan, 1.50, 2.41]) # print(not_stealing(items)) # items = np.array([np.nan, np.nan, 6.18, np.nan, 18.42, 2.67, 9.14, np.nan, 14.32]) #…