Pyruvate is produced in glycolysis and used by Kreb's Cycle in the mitochondrial matrix. How does pyruvate get into the matrix? OA. Through the Malate Shuttle system OB. A transporter is not needed because pyruvate from glycolysis is already in the matrix. Oc. C. Facilitated diffusion through a specific uniport D. Transformation into acetate, which moves through a facilitated transporter OE. It moves through the membrane by simple diffusion.
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- Energy-consuming active transport is used to move protons in all of the following directions except: A. from the mitochondrial matrix, across the mitochondrial cristae, into the intermembrane space B. from the extracellular fluid, across the plasma membrane, into the Halobacterium halobium cytosol C. from the cytosol of plant cells, across the vacuolar membrane, into the central vacuole D. from the cytosol of skeletal muscle cells, across the plasma membrane, into the extracellular fluid E. from the chloroplast stroma, across the thylakoid membrane, into the thylakoid spaceIn the 1930s, some physicians prescribed low doses of a compound called dinitrophenol (DNP) to help patients lose weight. This unsafe method was abandoned after some patients died. DNP uncouples the chemiosmotic machinery by making the lipid bilayer of the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to H+. Chemical agents that cause this effect are called uncouplers. Explain how this could cause weight loss and also death. Considering the danger, is there any use for compounds like DNP or other uncouplers?Which of the following statements describes the end step for the electron transport chain? A. H+ ions flow down the gradient to generate ATP B. electrons are transferred to NADH and FADH2 for chemiosmosis C. electrons are transferred to oxygen, causing it to split and take up H+ ions, which form water D. H+ are pumped across the inner membrane of mitochondria to establish an electrochemical gradient
- Which of the takes place during oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria? a. protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space b. protons are pumped from the intermembrane space to the matrix c. electrons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space d. electrons are pumped from the intermembrane space to the matrix e. NADH is pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane spaceMutations that prevent Bax and Bak from interacting with the outer mitochondrial membrane would prevent the release of cytochrome c and inhibit intrinsic apoptosis. prevent the release of cytochrome cand promote assembly of the apoptosome. trigger the release of cytochrome c and promote intrinsic apoptosis. trigger the release of cytochrome c and promote the assembly of the apoptosome. trigger the release of cytochrome c and promote the cleavage of procaspase-8.Which of the following statements about cellular respiration is TRUE in eukaryotes? A. For every molecule of NADH oxidized in the electron transport chain, 1 molecule of ATP is produced. B. ATP synthase harnesses the flow of protons (hydrogen ions = H+) from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space to produce ATP. C. ATP synthase transduces the flow of protons (hydrogen ions = H+) from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix into kinetic (mechanical) energy D. H2O is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, being oxidized to O2 and H+. E. All of the above are true
- In the 1930s, some physicians prescribed low doses of a compound called dinitrophenol (DNP) to help patients lose weight. This unsafe method was abandoned after some patients died. DNP uncouples the chemiosmotic machinery by making the lipid bilayer of the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to H+ . Explain how this could cause weight loss and death.Which of the following statements concerning the complete oxidation of FADH2 in the electron transport chain is NOT true? a. In the final step, electrons from cytochrome c to O2 reducing it to H2O in complex IV, and four protons are transported from the intermembrane space to the matrix. b. In the first step, electrons from FADH2 are transferred in complex II to ubiquinone, which does not transport any proton across the inner mitochondrion membrane. c. In the second step, complex III transfers the electrons from ubiquinone to cytochrome c, and four protons are transported from the matrix to the intermembrane space. d. The complete oxidation of FADH2 causes transfer of 6 protons and yields two ATP.Which of the following statements regarding CoQ is false a. It resides in the inner mitochondrial membrane b. It helps to pump protons after getting oxidized by complex 2 c. It is an electron carrier common to both nadh and fadh2 electron transport chains d. It is a hydrophobic protein
- Glycolysis is often split up into three phases: 1. Energy Investment 2. Sugar Splitting and 3. Energy Payoff. During the Energy Investment Phase, 2 ATP are "spent" to generate Fructose 1,6 biphosphate and 2 ADP. What has happened to the terminal (third) phosphates in the 'spent" ATPs? A. They are lost in the cytoplasm B. They are transferred to the protein kinases C. They are transferred, one by one, to the glucose molecule by kinases D. They are lost as heat E. All of the aboveDescribe the main functions of the different components of the ATP synthase enzyme in the mitochondrion. A structurally similar enzyme is responsible for the acidification of lysosomes and endosomes. Given what you know about the mechanism of ATP synthesis, explain how this acidification might occur.Which of the following is TRUE about cytochrome c protein? As a part of the ETC chain, it changes conformation to allow H+ ions to flow out of the matrix. It is found on the surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane and, therefore, contains start-transfer and/or stop-transfer sequences. With assistance from Bax, it can move out of the mitochondria and into the cytosol. It is considered a symporter because it is involved in electron transport. It is able to puncture holes in the plasma membrane to initiate apoptosis.