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- An enzyme catalyzes the reaction M ßàN. The enzyme is present at a concentration of 1 nM, and the Vmax is 2 M s-1. The Km for substrate M is 4 μM. a)Calculate kcat. b)What values of Vmax and Km would be observed in the presence of sufficient amounts of an uncompetitive inhibitor to generate an α’ of 2.0?Using the appropriate graph and table above, explain what the N426S mutation appears to be doing to the enzyme’s function. Discuss the kinetic parameter changes and their meaning in this context, not the structure of the enzyme, which was not given to you.When performing his experiments on protein refolding, Christian Anfinsen obtained a quite different result when reduced ribonuclease was reoxidized while it was still in 8 M urea and the preparation was then dialyzed to remove the urea. Ribonuclease reoxidized in this way had only 1% of the enzymatic activity of the native protein. Why were the outcomes so different when reduced ribonuclease was reoxidized in the presence and absence of urea?
- (c) On the right is a diagram of the ac tive site of E. coli aspartate aminotrans- ferase illustrating the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate (labeled PLP) with the dicar- boxylic acid maleate (labeled MAL) bound in the active site. The structural formula of maleate is shown on the right. Am 194 MAL Arg292 Arg386 Ilx17 Lauf 'coo- H get H Coo- Maleate (c1) Draw the structure of L-aspartate and draw a border around the atoms in the amino acid that maleate simulates. (c2) Identify the active site residues that make hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interac- tions with the oxygen atoms of the carboxylate groups of maleate in the diagram above. Identify the carboxylate groups according to the numbering in the diagram of maleate above. Indicate the hydrogen donor groups of the active site residues. (C3) Compare and draw the structures of L-Arg and L-Lys. On the basis of the diagram why does replacement of an arginine for a lysine have an effect on substrate binding to AspAT? (c4) Of the mutant…An enzyme contains an active site aspartic acid with a pK, = 5.0, which acts as a general acid catalyst. On the template below, draw the curve of enzyme activity (reaction rate) vs. pH for the enzyme (assume the protein is stably folded between pH 2–12 and that the active site Asp is the only ionizable residue involved in catalysis). Briefly explain the shape of your curve.if the reaction pH drops significantly (pH=2 for example), how would reaction catalyzed be serine proteases be affected? why? (assumin that the rest of the protein structure remain intact)
- The diagram below shows the substrate binding cleft for a protease, providing the substrate structure, and indicating the residues (using one-letter code) that line the four specificity pockets. 1 M F H₂N K R IZ 2 3 P F S W оо E 4 The protease is known to cleave the amide linkage between W and E residues for substrates containing the WEFD sequence. Using 3-letter code with amino acids linked by a "dash" (ex. GLY-ALA), the N-terminal product is A and the C-terminal product is AYou perform Michaelis-Menten kenetics on i) trypsin and ii) a mutant form of the same enzyme (a single amino acid has been changed). The specificity constant for the mutant was 10 times larger than for trypsin. a) Define the specificity constant and explain using this definition how a larger value might occur. b) Explain how, if at all, a non-competitive inhibitor of trypsin would affect the specificity constant.Two therapeutics, methotrexate and fluorouracil, inhibit the formation of dTMP, at different points in the synthesis. One is a suicide inhibitor and one is a competitive inhibitor. a. What therapeutic applications are there for inhibiting the synthesis of dTTP? (ie. What are they treating?) b. Identify the which molecule is the competitive inhibitor and which one is the suicide inhibitor and explain how you know.
- A TAMU undergraduate biochemistry student is tasked with characterizing a new enzyme. After devising an assay, the student does some initial experiments. When initiating the reaction by adding the enzyme to a solution of substrates (but no products) she finds that at the earliest times the change in the [A] is non-linear and increasing and then becomes linear for awhile and then decreases eventually to zero. Explain what is unusual and what various aspects of the time course mostly likely means.During the early stages of an enzyme purification protocol, when cells have been lysed but cytosolic components have not been separated, the reaction velocity-versus-substrate concentration is sigmoidal. As you continue to purify the enzyme, the curve shifts to the right. Explain your results. This is an allosteric enzyme and you must use a Lineweaver-Burk plot to determine KM and Vmax correctly. This is an enzyme that displays Michaelis-Menten kinetics and you purify away an inhibitor. This is an allosteric enzyme and during purification you purify away an activator. This is an allosteric enzyme displaying a double-displacement mechanism and during purification you purify away one of the substrates: This is an enzyme that displays Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and you must use a Lineweaver-Burk plot to determine KM and Vmax correctly.Will rate ASAP Which of the following amino acid residues would not provide a side chain for acid-base catalysis at physiological pH? (Assume pK values of each amino acid are equal to the pK value for the free amino acid in solution.) I. leucine II. lysine III. aspartic acid IV. histidine A) I, II, III B) I, II C) I D) II E) I, III