2. You are studying the regulation of the lactose operon in Escherichia coli, by measuring expression of the lacZ gene (i.e production of beta-galactosidase).
Q: 1. For each of the following, explain how eukaryotic transcriptional initiation would be affected.…
A: According to bartleby expert guidelines, when multiple questions are posted we are allowed to answer…
Q: 5g. A mutation has occurred rendering the regulatory protein unable to recognize the operator…
A: Operons are groups of genes involved in regulating a process and are transcribed as a single mRNA.…
Q: 2. Distinguish among inducible, repressible, and constitutive gene operons.
A: An operon is a functional unit of genomic DNA that comprises a collection of genes that are all…
Q: 2) Attenuation of the trp operon is controlled by the formation of stem-loop structures in the mRNA…
A: Tryptophan attenuation is a means of regulation of tryptophan biosynthesis. Normally when tryptophan…
Q: 1. IPTG can be used in the laboratory as a synthetic inducer of the lac operon, instead of lactose.…
A: In the lac operon, the partial diploids are produced by conjugation between F' x F, it will have…
Q: 1. Complete the following table based on your lac operon simulations. Absence of lactose Presence of…
A: An operon is a group of genes that are transcribed at the same time. The lac operon consists of…
Q: 1. why does the genome contain so many more genes for rRNA than mRNA? 2. why is it effective for a…
A: Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…
Q: 1. Explain the functioning and regulation of the following operons: lac, trp. 2. Explain the…
A: Every organism have various charcyerstics why may or may not be similiar to each individual. Tgese…
Q: 1. You wish to introduce a eukaryotic gene into a prokaryote. Describe two aspects of the gene that…
A: Please follow step 2 for detailed explanation.
Q: 5. Regulation of bacterial operons by inducers, e.g. lactose, exhibits which of the following…
A: The regulation of gene expression can occur at the level of transcription and translation.
Q: 10. Modify the diagrams below to reflect the activation and repression of lac operon. Use arrows,…
A: The prokaryotic gene regulatory system is known as operon system in which the expression of…
Q: If tryptophan is absent from the environment of E.coli, the trp operon will be _______ A) mutated…
A: trp operon It is defined as a group of genes which encode the biosynthetic enzymes for the…
Q: Considering the fec operon described above, under which conditions would the operon be off? Choose…
A: The protein synthesis process is started from the operon region that is actually worked as a switch.…
Q: Operons______ . a. only occur in bacteria b. include multiple genes c. involve selective gene…
A: The correct answer is (b) include multiple genes
Q: Explain how the lac operon is regulated when both glucose and lactose is present. Make sure you…
A: An operon is a unit of gene expression that is present in bacteria and it helps to regulate gene…
Q: 4. Predict the level of genetic activity of the lac operon as well as the status of the lac…
A: In lac operon, structural genes responsible for lactose metabolism are all under the control of a…
Q: 10. Modify the diagrams below to reflect the activation and repression of lac operon. Use arrows,…
A: Lac operon contains genes involved in metabolism. The genes are expressed only when lactose is…
Q: The presence of lactose in E.coli triggers the transcription of Lactose Operon. O True O False
A: Operons can be defined as the gene regulatory system present in a prokaryotic organism. Operons…
Q: High levels of transcription of the lactose operon require all of the following, EXCEPT: A) O the…
A: Lac operon is a gene regulatory mechanism associated with bacterial species while using lactose for…
Q: 5. Briefly describe the lac operon and how it controls the metabolism of lactose.
A: An operon is a group of genes that are expressed under the same regulatory sequences.
Q: Think about the situation where there is an increased concentration of both glucose and allolactose…
A: Lacoperon is an operon that consists of a group of genes in E.coli which is required for the…
Q: 8. Why is it adaptive for a bacterium to not express the genes that encode for that lactose…
A: Bacteria are able to adapt to their environment by regulating the expression of genes that encode…
Q: 1. Predict the effect of each situation on the Lac or Trp operon. Lac operon is ON Lac operon is OFF…
A: Operon is the group of genes that are expressed under the same regulatory sequences.
Q: 4. A mutant strain of E. coli produces B-galactosidase in the presence and the absence of lactose.…
A: An operon is defined as a set of structural genes regulated by a common promoter in bacteria.
Q: 1. Compare and contrast gene regulation of a Lac operon when there is little glucose in the…
A: The cellular environment has an impact on cellular action which is achieved by controlling the…
Q: 2. What is attenuation and what is its significance in prokaryotic gene regulation? Explain…
A: Gene expression is defined as a process which is used by cells to convert the instructions coded in…
Q: 1. What are the main elements of the lac operon and their functions?
A: NOTE- Since you have posted multiple questions So we will be solving the first question for you. As…
Q: -Discuss how the presence of glucose impacts the expression of the ara operon.
A: Introduction: The L-arabinose operon, which is called the ara or araBAD operon, for the breakdown of…
Q: 1. What happen to the mutated sequence in the coding region of MT-ATP6 in Leigh's syndrome. Does it…
A: Leigh's syndrome is a rare neurogenetic disorder that affects the central nervous system. The…
Q: 4. Explain why the B-galactosidase gene is made in two pieces with the a and 2 parts of the enzyme.
A: Beta galactosidases are the enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of beta galactosides into…
Q: A bacterial cell undergoes a change and the two Trp codons of the tryptophan leader sequence are…
A: Tryptophan operon is an example of repressible operon which remain transcriptionally active and…
Q: I. Answer the following: 1. What are the main elements of the lac operon and their functions? 2.…
A: Definition:- An operon is a group of genes that are transcribed at the same time. These are a…
Q: 5d. Remembering that hexose metabolism is a highly conserved process among all branches of life, how…
A: Hexose operon should contain 10 genes.
Q: Suppose you have an E. coli in which the gene that codes for the lac repressor protein has been…
A: Lac operon is an inducible type of operon that involves the breakdown of lactose in E.coli. The lac…
Q: How might the regulation of the lac operon change if a point mutation occurred that blocks the…
A: Lac Operon consists of structural (z y and a) , regulatory (I), promoter and operator genes in the…
Q: 7. If a researcher moves the promoter for the lac operon to the region between the beta…
A: Lac operon is a bacterial gene and it works through a repression mechanism. lac I produces repressor…
Q: Predict a possible phenotype from the following mutations in the Lac Operon: a deletion in…
A: An operon is a functioning unit of DNA that contains a cluster of genes under the control of a…
Q: The table below shows partial diploid E. coli with lac operon mutations For each mutant, indicate…
A: The lac operon is an operon or group of genes with a single promoter.
Q: 2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of bacterial transcription? A. It produces pre-mRNA…
A: Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…
Q: Matching type Choices are in the picture 11. regulating elements in the operon 12. ribosome…
A: Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new…
Q: Decide which operon each of the following characteristics applies to. Note: a description may apply…
A: Introduction "In E.coli And Other Bacteria, The Lac Operon Is An Operon Or A Set Of Genes With A…
Q: Catabolite activating factor (CAP) senses and the…
A: E.coli and other bacteria metabolize glucose preferentially even in presence of lactose and other…
Q: 3 5. Suppose you perfe would you expect 6. If you did not get the operon was c
A: B -Galactosidase -- B - galactosidase belongs to class 3 ,hydrolases .B gal belongs to subclass of…
Q: 1. Suppose there was a mutation in the inducer of the lac operon, such that the inducer was unable…
A: Answer : The lac operon will not reveal its element and remains closed. In the lac operon, the…
Q: . Penicillin only works on actively dividing bacterial cells because: a. it inhibits…
A: Penicillin : It kills bacteria by inhibiting the proteins which cross links peptidoglycans in the…
Q: Please tell me: What's a mutation in moleculer terms? 2. When a mutation deletes a base in genomic…
A: DNA DNA content specific sequence of nitrogenous base in their stand. If the sequence is changed…
Q: humber of mutations affect the expression of the lac operon in E. coli. The genotypes of several E.…
A: Lac operon is a genetic unit that produces the enzymes necessary for the digestion of lactose. It is…
Q: Which statement does NOT explain why the lac operon would not be effectively regulated by an…
A: Lac operon is composed of a regulatory gene, promoter, operator, and structural genes. Lac operon is…
Q: In the ara operon in E. coli cells, AraC will bind to its specific target DNA when O a. when there…
A: AraC protein can shift from the state of its preference to loop DNA (when arabinose is absent) to…
Q: What are the effects of the following conditions on Lac operon of bacteria
A: Lac Operon is a set of three structural genes regulated by a common promoter and maintain lactose…
Gene Interactions
When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.
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- . Recall that the trp operon has a special leader sequence (trpL) between the operator and the structural genes that offers attenuation as a mechanism for regulation of gene expression. (A) Draw a diagram of a trpL region of the operon when tryptophan is abundant in the cell.Label the following features: the DNA, 5’ and 3’ polarity of the RNA, the regions 1, 2, 3,and 4 and poly-U of the RNA, the pair of Trp codons (UGG), the ribosome, and RNA-Pol,along with any stem-loop structure that would form under these conditions (B) In the above example, will the rest of the trp operon genes be expressed? Briefly describe your reasoning why or why not (C) The trp codons in region 1 of the trpL gene have mutated to cysteines (UGG to UGC). What will be the effect on attenuation gene regulation of the trp operon? Brieflyexplain your reasoning.Answer as Directed. Below is the model of a lac operon. lac I lac Z с promoter operator lac Y lac A DNA +1 1. What are structural genes? Are the lac structural genes transcribed in the absence of lactose? 2. What is the role of the promoter and operator sites in the operon? 3. Is the repressor protein bound to the operator site in the absence of lactose? In its absence? 4. Under what nutritional circumstances (high or low glucose) is CAP bound to cAMP? 5. In the absence of lactose and the presence of glucose in the bacterial growth media, what proteins are bound to the lac control region? Is the operon being transcribed then? 6. In the presence of lactose and the presence of glucose in the bacterial growth media, what proteins are bound to the lac regulatory region? Is the operon being transcribed then? 7. In the presence of lactose and the absence of glucose in the bacterial growth media, what proteins are bound to the lac control region? 8. Why is it adaptive for a bacterium to not…Like the lac operon, the hexose operon is controlled by a separate regulatory protein under the control of its own promoter (see the schematic of the operon below). The hexose regulatory protein is sensitive to fatty acyl CoA levels. When all hexose fuel sources are depleted, the bacteria switch to lipid metabolism and fatty acyl CoA levels increase. This turns expression of the hexose operon off. +1 +1 Regulatory Gene Pregulator Poperon O Hexose Operon Genes regulator promoter operon promoter
- Answer as Directed. Below is the model of a lac operon. lac I lac Z с promoter operator +1 lac Y lac A DNA 1. In the absence of lactose and the presence of glucose in the bacterial growth media, what proteins are bound to the lac control region? Is the operon being transcribed then? 2. In the presence of lactose and the presence of glucose in the bacterial growth media, what proteins are bound to the lac regulatory region? Is the operon being transcribed then? 3. In the presence of lactose and the absence of glucose in the bacterial growth media, what proteins are bound to the lac control region? 4. Why is it adaptive for a bacterium to not express the genes that encode for that lactose utilization proteins when lactose is not available or when glucose is present? 5. Why is it adaptive for the structural genes for using lactose to be under the control of a single promoter, i.e., synthesize a polycistronic message rather than three monocistronic message?In the: Mutation of the regulatory region for a repressor protein in the lac operon. Explain: (a) What is the process affected? (b) What is the Effect on the process? (c) Does it affect prokaryotes, eukaryotes or both?Considering the Lac operon in E. coli, and chose what the expression of Lac Y would be in: I) E. coli WT (wild type, everything is functional) II) E. coli whose lacI gene has been deleted. Each of the two strains is growing in culture flasks that contain high glucose and high lactose. (choose among ‘high expression; low expression; no expression’)
- Predict the level of genetic activity of the lac operon as well as the status of the lac repressor and the CAP protein under the cellular conditions listed in the accompanying table. Lactose Glucose (a) - - (b) + - (c) - + (d) + +. Suppose you have six strains of E. coli. One is wildtype, and each of the other five has a single one of thefollowing mutations: lacZ−, lacY−, lacI−, oc, andlacIS. For each of these six strains, describe thephenotype you would observe using the following assays. [Notes: (1) IPTG is a colorless synthetic molecule that acts as an inducer of lac operon expressionbut cannot serve as a carbon source for bacterialgrowth because it cannot be cleaved byβ-galactosidase; (2) X-gal cannot serve as a carbonsource for growth; (3) E. coli requires active lactosepermease (the product of lacY) to allow lactose,X-gal, or IPTG into the cells.]a. Growth on medium in which the only carbonsource was lactose.b. Colony color in medium containing glycerol as theonly carbon source, X-gal, and IPTGINTERPRET DATA Develop a simple hypothesis that would explain the behavior of each of the following types of mutants in E. coli. Mutant a: The map position of this mutation is in the trp operon. The mutant cells are constitutive; that is, they produce all the enzymes coded for by the trp operon, even if large amounts of tryptophan are present in the growth medium. Mutant b: The map position of this mutation is in the trp operon. The mutant cells do not produce any enzymes coded for by the trp operon under any conditions. Mutant c: The map position of this mutation is some distance from the trp operon. The mutant cells are constitutive; that is, they produce all the enzymes coded for by the trp operon, even if the growth medium contains large amounts of tryptophan.
- Like the lac operon, the hexose operon is controlled by a separate regulatory protein under the control of its own promoter (see the schematic of the operon below). The hexose regulatory protein is sensitive to fatty acyl CoA levels. When all hexose fuel sources are depleted, the bacteria switch to lipid metabolism and fatty acyl CoA levels increase. This turns expression of the hexose operon off. +1 +1 Regulatory Gene Pregulator P operon Hexose Operon Genes regulator promoter operon promoter. Mutants were isolated in which the constitutive phenotype of a missense lacI mutation was suppressed.That is, the operon was now inducible. These suppressor mutations mapped to the operon, not to the lacIgene. What could these mutations be?IG-LA ED What pattern of functional protein synthesis of ß-galactosidase and permease, respectively, would you expect from an I*P*OCZ+Y+ lac operon in the absence of lactose? O ++ O -- O +- O+