Laboratory 4

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Georgia Institute Of Technology *

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3400

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Civil Engineering

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Apr 3, 2024

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docx

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5

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Georgia Institute of Technology School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Hydraulic Conductivity Laboratory MEMORANDUM To: Emre Duman Date: February 29, 2023 From: Sachinshripadh Dasu, A3-1 Lab Partners: Stephen Grafius, Marty Robert James Jr., Ashley Eun Joo Jhun Subject: CEE 3400 Sample(s) Description: Name: Ottawa 50-70 sand Source: In-Situ Condition: Wet, saturated Visual Classification and Unified Symbol: SM Remarks: Ottawa 50-70 sand was used as a soil sample for this laboratory experiment. Test Procedure: Test Procedures: ASTM D2434-22: Standard Test Method for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Coarse- Grained Soils ASTM D5084-16a: Standard Test Method for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter The ASTM standards used in the Hydraulic Conductivity laboratory are ASTM D2434 and ASTM D5084. The purpose of the Hydraulic Conductivity laboratory is to determine the hydraulic conductivity of a soil sample based on two tests: the Rigid Wall Constant Head Hydraulic Conductivity Test and the Flexible Wall Constant Head Hydraulic Conductivity Test. The experiment was performed as specified by the test procedures and was able to achieve the results as well. The methods used in this laboratory are the best way to test this property of the soil sample. Test Results: 1. The table below, Table 1. Rigid Wall Constant Head Hydraulic Conductivity Test Data, includes the data collected in the experimental laboratory for each trail of each test as well as the calculated hydraulic conductivity. Sample calculations are also shown below. Trail Head on Specimen ‘h’ (cm) Time between Readings ‘t’ (s) Volumetric Flow Rates ‘Q’ (cm 3 /s) Hydraulic Conductivity ‘k’ (cm/s) Averaged Hydraulic Conductivity ‘k’ (cm/s) 1 h(top)=77cm 30 1. 2.833 1. 0.114 0.112
h(bottom)=0cm h = h(top)- h(bottom) = 77cm 2. 2.833 3. 2.733 4. 2.733 5. 2.767 2. 0.114 3. 0.110 4. 0.110 5. 0.111 2 h(top)=164cm h(bottom)=70cm h = h(top)- h(bottom) = 94 cm 30 1. 3.567 2. 3.667 3. 3.600 4. 3.600 5. 3.700 1. 0.117 2. 0.121 3. 0.118 4. 0.118 5. 0.122 0.119 Table 1. Rigid Wall Constant Head Hydraulic Conductivity Test Data Sample Calculations: h = h(top) – h(bottom) = 77 – 0 = 77 cm k = QL A h L = 15.3 cm A = π 4 ( D ) 2 = π 4 ( 6.3 ) 2 = 4.984 k = 2.833 15.3 4.984 77 = 0.114 The table below, Table 2. Flexible Wall Falling Head Hydraulic Conductivity Test Data, includes the data collected in the experimental laboratory for each trail of each test as well as the calculated hydraulic conductivity. Sample calculations are also shown below. Tria l Additional Inflow Pressure (psi) Inflow Pipet (cm) Outflow Pipet (cm) Initia l Head ‘h1’ (cm) Final head ‘h2’ (cm) Time ‘t’ (s) Hydraulic Conductivity ‘k’ @ 20 C (cm/s) q(in) (cm 3 /s) q(out) (cm 3 /s) 1 0 Initial 1.8 21.6 19.8 19.2 45 0.000866 2.398 2.326 Final 3.1 22.3 2 1 Initial 3.2 19.8 16.6 10.5 30 0.01933 3.016 1.908 Final 6.4 16.9 3 2 Initial 6.4 21.2 14.8 10.2 15 0.03142 5.378 3.706 Final 8.8 19 Sample Calculations: h1 = Outflow Pipet (Initial) – Inflow Pipet (Initial) = 21.6 – 1.8 = 19.8 cm h2 = Outflow Pipet (Final) – Inflow Pipet (Final) = 22.3 – 3.1 = 19.2 cm k = aL 2 At ln ( h 1 h 2 ) a = 1 cm 2 L = 13.8 cm A = π 4 ( D ) 2 = π 4 ( 6.94 ) 2 = 5.451 cm 2 k = 1 13.8 2 5.451 45 ln ( 19.8 19.2 ) = 0.000866 cm/s
q(in) = V t = 5.451 19.8 45 = 2.398 cm 3 /s q(out) = V t = 5.451 19.2 45 = 2.326 cm 3 /s Analysis and Discussion: The purpose of the Hydraulic Conductivity laboratory is to determine the hydraulic conductivity of a soil sample based on two tests: the Rigid Wall Constant Head Hydraulic Conductivity Test and the Flexible Wall Constant Head Hydraulic Conductivity Test. The experiment was performed as specified by the test procedures and was able to achieve the results as well. The methods used in this laboratory are the best way to test this property of the soil sample. Possible sources of error with the laboratory experiment are human error with measuring the elevation heads of the Rigid Wall test, human error with measuring the discharge water in the Rigid Wall test, and issues with reading the measurements of the tubes on the Flexible Wall test. These sources of error could greatly influence the data collected in the laboratory, and also the calculated hydraulic conductivity of the test sample. There are also several engineering applications to using the Rigid Wall and Flexible Wall test. The biggest implication is building construction as it is important to determine the water content of the soil that a building is being built on. The hydraulic conductivity can help determine the water content of a soil sample. 1. The three values obtained for the hydraulic conductivity in the flexible wall falling head test are 0.000866 cm/s, 0.01933 cm/s, and 0.03142 cm/s. The most accurate result is most likely the third trial. This is because of the additional pressure applied to the test sample. The additional pressure would allow for the soil to better compact better and allow for the water to seep through more evenly. This is also shown in the results as the last two trials are more closely related than the first trial, where the first trial is significantly lower than the subsequent trials. 2. The two values obtained for the hydraulic conductivity in the rigid wall constant head test are 0.112 cm/s, and 0.119 cm/s. The most accurate trial would most likely be the second trial. This is because the test is conducted with a higher top elevation, causing the flow of water out of the experimental apparatus to be lower than the first trial, where the top elevation is lower. This lower flowrate would cause less human error when shutting off the valve when conducting the test in 30 second intervals. This lower flowrate would yield more accurate results when conducting multiple trials, as done in this experimental laboratory. 3. After comparing the values obtained in the rigid wall test and the flexible wall test, the flexible wall test seems to be the better test. This is because the flexible wall test is more oriented towards a fine-grained sand, such as Ottawa 50-70, which is the laboratory sample tested in this experiment (Ankeny et. Al. 1991). Rigid wall tests are more oriented towards course-grained soil samples, so it is reasonable to assume that the flexible wall test is the more accurate test in this experiment. 4. Both of the calculated hydraulic conductivities (rigid wall and flexible wall tests) can be compared to typical values. The typical range for the hydraulic conductivity of fine-grained sand is about 1*10(E-13) to 1*10(E-7) cm/s. The hydraulic conductivity calculated in both experiments in this laboratory are higher than the expected range of values that are typically found for fine-grained sands. The values would differ due to human and trial error conducted in the laboratory.
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