Genetics Lab Report 2
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Genetics Lab Report 2
Fruit Fly Experiment
Introduction:
In the realm of genetics research, fruit fly experiments stand as a cornerstone for unraveling the mysteries of heredity. These tiny insects, scientifically known as Drosophila melanogaster, offer a powerful model system due to their rapid reproduction, short life cycle, and well-
characterized genome. In the context of this exercise, the objective was to conduct an experiment
on fruit flies in two generations with the parent and the offspring flies for different sets. The criteria was to observe the different phenotypes ranging from the sets of eye colors variations (red, white, brown, scarlet, sepia), eye types (normal, bar, semi-bar), wing types (vestigial, apterous, normal), and body hues (gray, black, ebony).
For six straight weeks, the task was to mate the fruit flies and observe the different generations from F1 to F2. This mating strategy was
acquired using a media and yeast by selecting five males and females with the same eye color and overall phenotype. After leaving in the incubator through 1 week for mating, the offsprings would then be napped with a fly nap and then counted for the different phenotype. The experiment featured different sets one and two. For set two, the online mating simulation illustrates random segregation. Observed and expected data are then analyzed using chi-square
tests so determine if there is a significant difference through statistical analysis and interpretation. Fruit fly experiments, thus, provide invaluable insights into the mechanisms underlying genetic transmission and contribute significantly to our understanding of genetics.
Exercise 1 : Set (I) A:
Introduction:
Set 1A involved the crossing of wild-type males with brown-eyed, scarlet-white-eyed females. The parent generation comprised five wild-type males with the genotype BwBw and StSt, crossed with five white-eyed females with the genotype bwbw and stst. The resulting F1 generation was then collected and quantified for further analysis. Then, data collection occurred during Week 3, followed by the selection of five females and five males for the subsequent mating to produce the F2 generation. After recording observed data from the phenotypic scoring of the flies, expected data is calculated, and the significant difference is assessed through chi-square calculations. The aim is to validate the expected phenotypic ratio of 1:1 for the F1 and 9:3:3:1 for the F2 to determine the statistical differences between observed and expected results.
BwBw, StSt males × bwbw, stst females
Red eye: Bw- St Brown eye: bwbw St- Scarlet eyes: Bw- stst White eyes: bwbw stst
Results:
Observed data:
F1 Generation
Phenotype
Male
Female
Total
Red Eyes
35
42
77
White Eyes
4
12
16
93
F2 Generation: F1 X F1
Phenotype
Male
Female
Total
Red Eyes
162
129
291
White Eyes
9
8
17
Brown Eyes
10
17
27
Scarlet Eyes
14
11
25
360
Expected data:
F1 Generation: P x P Cross (BwBw StSt males X bwbw stst females)
Punnett Square
BwSt
Bw st
Bwbw, Stst (Red eye)
Expected Phenotypic Ratio: 1:1 (100% Red Eyes)
F2 Generation: F1 X F1 Cross (Bwbw, Stst X Bwbw, Stst)
Punnett Square
BwSt
Bwst
bwSt
bwst
BwSt
BwBw, StSt
(Red eye)
BwBw, Stst
(Red eye)
Bwbw, StSt
(Red eye)
Bwbw, Stst
(Red eye)
Bwst
BwBw, Stst
(Red eye)
BwBw, stst
(Scarlet eye)
Bwbw, Stst
(Red eye)
Bwbw, stst
(Scarlet eye)
bwSt
Bwbw, StSt
(Red eye)
Bwbw, Stst
(Red eye)
bwbw, StSt
(Brown eye)
bwbw, Stst
(Brown eye)
bwst
Bwbw, Stst
(Red eye)
Bwbw, stst
(Scarlet eye)
bwbw, Stst
(Brown eye)
bwbw, stst
(White eye)
Expected Phenotypic Ratio: 9:3:3:1
Statistical Analysis: Phenotype
Observed
Expected
X
2
Red Eyes
291
360 x 9/16 (56%) = 202.5
Df = 3, X
2
= 38.6
Brown Eyes
27
360 x 3/16 (18.75%) = 67.5
Df = 3, X
2 = 24.3
Scarlet Eyes
25
360 x 3/16 (18.75%) = 67.5
Df = 3, X
2 = 26.7
White Eyes
17
360 x 1/16 (6.25%) =22.5
Df = 3, X
2 = 1.34
Total
360
-------------------
X
2 = 90.94
Conclusion:
Based on the data, it can be deduced that the expected phenotypic ratio held true, notably with the red eyes phenotype being both the highest observed and expected for both F1 and F2 generations. Additionally, the lowest expected phenotype, white eyes, aligned with the observed outcomes. With a degree of freedom of 3, and a level of significance of 0.05, chi-
square values were calculated for each phenotype, resulting in a total statistical analysis (X^2) of 90.94. The individual statistical analysis for red eyes, brown eyes, scarlet eyes, and white eyes were 38.6, 24.3, 26.7, and 1.34, respectively totaling 90.94. As 90.94 is more than the critical p-value of 7.81, these signify a significant difference between the observed and expected data.
Exercise 1 : Set (I) B:
Introduction:
Set 1B involved two distinct phases of the experiment. In the first phase, the parent generation comprised 5 bar-eyed, normal-winged, gray-bodied females crossed with 5 normal-
eyed, vestigial-winged, ebony-bodied males. The resulting F1 generation was collected and counted, setting the stage for further analysis. Then, in the second phase, the F1 generation was subjected to additional crosses. This involved mating 5 males with bar eyes, normal wings, and normal (gray) bodies with 5 females exhibiting semi-bar eyes, normal wings, and normal (gray) bodies. The resulting F2 generation was carefully observed and recorded for several characteristics of interest, including eye shape, wing size, and body color, with particular attention to an X-linked gene. This multifaceted approach aimed to explore the inheritance patterns and genetic traits of fruit flies comprehensively.
XX = Male
XY = Female
X
B
’X
B
’ or X
B
’Y = Bar eyed
X
B
’X
B
= Semi-bar eyed (only on female)
X
B
X
B
or X
B Y = Normal eyed
Vg- = Normal winged
vgvg = Vestigial, short, and disfigured or wrinkled winged
E- = Gray bodied
ee = Ebony bodied
Results:
Observed data:
F1 Generation
Phenotype
Total
Male, Bar eyes, Normal wing, gray body
7 Male, Bar eyes, vestigial wing, gray body
19
Male, Normal eyes, Normal wing, gray body
19
Male, Normal eyes, Normal wing, ebony body
1
Male, Normal eyes, apterous wing, ebony body
13
Male, Normal eyes, vestigial wing, gray body
6
Male, Normal eyes, vestigial wing, ebony body
16
Female, Semi-bar eyes, Normal wing, gray body
25
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