With the use of well-illustrated diagrams, reconstruct the entire cloning process by explaining different stages of the cloning process that involves the following: Isolation of target DNA fragments (often referred to as inserts) Ligation of inserts into the plasmid, creating recombinant molecules Transformation of recombinant plasmids into bacteria or other suitable host for propagation
Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
Below is a map of the E. coli cloning vector after the insertion of pka-1. Ori denotes the origin of replication; amp denotes the ampicillin resistance gene. HindIII, BamHI, SalI, and EcoRI designate restriction enzyme sites. There are no other restriction enzyme sites found on this vector. The numerals denote the number of base pairs between different locations on the plasmid. For instance, there are 400 base pairs between the HindIII and BamHI site, and there are 3000 base pairs in the entire cloning vector (following the integration of pka-1).
With the use of well-illustrated diagrams, reconstruct the entire cloning process by explaining different stages of the cloning process that involves the following:
- Isolation of target DNA fragments (often referred to as inserts)
- Ligation of inserts into the plasmid, creating recombinant molecules
- Transformation of recombinant plasmids into bacteria or other suitable host for propagation
- Screening/selection of hosts containing the intended recombinant plasmid. For this stage(d), discuss the importance of a second marker that can be used for screening of genomic DNA for colonies containing the pka-1 under the principle of insertional inactivation. This should be properly explained using all the attributes of the plasmid described above.
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