Which of these pathways is highly conserved among invertebrates and mammals regarding stem cell niche signaling? a. Wnt and beta-catenin families b. MAP kinase family c. VegT and Veg 1 family d. Pitx family
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- Scaffold proteins (a) release kinases and phosphatases into the extracellular fluid (b) bind G proteins to cell membranes (c) increase accuracy but slow signaling cascades (d) organize groups of intracellular signaling molecules into signaling complexes (e) are transcription factors found mainly in plant cellsWhat is the function of Ras during tyrosine kinase cell signaling? a. It activates the opening of channel-linked receptors. b. It is an enzyme that synthesizes second messengers. c. It links the receptor protein to the MAP kinase pathway. d. It phosphorylates other enzymes as part of a pathway.a universal feature of cell signaling receptors is that they? a. undergo a structural (shape) change when the signal molecule is bound b. are present only in the plasma membrane c. are only ion channels d. are protein kinases e. aer only nuclear receptors
- What is the difference between cyclins and kinase proteins? A. Kinases regulates MPF dimer formation and cyclins phosphorylates the kinases in a negative feedback loop B. Cyclins regulate cell cycle, while kinases are enzymes that catalyze phosphorylation of cyclins C. Kinases are enzymes that convert MPF into CDK and the cyclins bind to CDK to send cells into M phase D. Cyclins are enzymes and kinase are proteins that regulate M phaseIn the RAD signaling pathway the EGF ligand binds the EGF receptor, this initiated a phosphorylation cascade that results in cell proliferation. Which of the following statements is correct: a. RAS protein is the sognal b. EGF ligand is the signal c. cell proliferation is the signal d. EGF receptor is the signal e. none of the aboveWhich of the following modifications of the Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) would be proliferative of epithelial cells? multiple answers A. Mutation of active site residue responsible for tyrosine phosphorylation. B. Deletion of extracellular ectodomain C. Mutation in ectodomain that prevents binding of EGF D. Cell expresses EGF E. Mutation in promoter that increases expression of EGF receptor F. Dimerization of receptor without growth factor G. Mutation in EGFR promoter that decreases expression of receptor
- How cyclin makes Cyclin-dependent Kinases functional? (Refer to the diagram BELOW)A. activates Cdks as kinaseB. attach phosphate group to specific target proteinC. directs the Cdk to a specific set of target proteinsD. A and C are correctCan I get help on creating a concept map for the Introduction provided below? The development of a multicellular organ (such as the brain) from stem cells involves complicated processing.1,2 Proliferating stem cells undergo the fate decision process before developing into tissues or organs. This process is controlled and regulated by a signaling pathway network (called gene regulatory network).3 The network comprises pathways created by the intrinsic and extrinsic factors of the cells, which form the signal transduction to control stem cell fate. There are various signal pathways that have been discovered and studied for tissue development and patterning, including Wnt signaling,4 Notch, and receptor tyrosine kinase.5–7 It has been suggested that cross-regulatory interactions between elements of the pathways (e.g., Wnt and Notch) affect the process of cell fate assignment.8,9 Most components of Wnt signaling have multiple interactions with other signaling pathways (e.g., Hippo/YAP and…Put the following steps in the correct orderedsequence.a. kinase cascadeb. activation of a transcription factorc. hormone binds transmembrane receptord. expression of target genes in the nucleuse. Ras molecular switch
- 2) This diagram shows the signaling pathway involved in transducing extracellular matrix (ECM) signals to induce S-phase progression. Briefly: ECM (shown in green) binds to and activate integrins which bind to and activate Ras which binds to and activate Raf which binds to and activate MEK, which.... etc (you get the idea) until Erk activates cyclinD which the form a complex with CDK4/6. For the purpose of this problem, we consider that the signals provided by the ECM through this pathway are necessary and sufficient for the cell to enter S phase. Erk Integrin Erk Ras Raf MEK Cyclin D Cyclin D CDK4/6 S phase A) In your studies of the cell cycle, you isolated a new cell line called mutRAS2 cells. Unlike normal wild type cells, you find that Ras is always bound to GTP in mutRAS2 cells. Describe how the cell cycle differs between mutRAS2 cells and normal cells when ECM is not present. Explain your reasoning: B) In another mutant cell (named mutCD2), you found that a cyclinD mutation…Role of Myc activation is the follows a. It directly inhibits Rb protein through phosphorylation b. It stimulates assembly of S-phase Cdk-cyclin complex c. It stimulates transcription of delayed response genes d. It increases the expression of early response genes Role of Myc activation is the follows a. It directly inhibits Rb protein through phosphorylation b. It stimulates assembly of S-phase Cdk-cyclin complex c. It stimulates transcription of delayed response genes d. It increases the expression of early response genesThe epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activates a complex signaling network to increase expression of several genes and promote cell proliferation as shown in the figure below. EGF Active EGFR Inactive EGFR Inactive EGFR P- EP Inactive Ras-GDP Ras-GTP Active Raf -P NUCLEUS МЕК-F МАРК-Р Active МАРК-P C-myc gene transcribed CYTOPLASM Cell proliferation Which of the following scenarios would result in decreased expression of the c-myc gene? Select all that apply A homozygous mutation of the EGFR gene resulting in a deletion of the ligand binding domain A homozygous mutation of the ras gene so that Ras protein was not able to exchange GDP for GTP A homozygous mutation of the ras gene so that Ras protein was not able to hydrolyze GTP for GDP A homozygous mutation of the MAPK gene so that MAPK protein was always in a phosphorylated state