Which of the following virulence factors among A-D is correctly matched with its definition or characterization? A) O Invasins: pathogen proteins that prevent opsonization of the pathogen B) O Phase variation: allows pathogen to switch between different forms of an extracellular antigen (e.g., flagellum) C) O Protein A: a microbial factor that allows for attachment, typically a surface protein or surface glycoprotein D) O Prevention of lysosome:phagosome fusion: mechanism employed by an extracellular pathogen E) OM protein, Opa protein: enzymes that interfere with the functioning of antibodies

Q: Please discuss how pathogens are so easily spread around the world in 2021? Why is a society or…

A: Many factors have contributed to the dissemination of pathogens in the whole world or upon the…

Q: What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A: A pathogen is bacteria, virus, or other microorganisms that can cause disease

Q: What are the steps in a lysogenic infection?

A: The lysogenic cycle is the process through which a virus replicated its DNA by using a host cell.…

Q: C. bot and C. tetani are considered true pathogens while C. dificile is considered an opportunist.…

A: Clostridium botulinum  They are gram positive , spore forming rods . The organism are anaerobic.…

Q: Describe the major anatomical and biochemical barriers to infection?

A: Infection refers to the invasion and multiplication of micro-organisms such as bacteria, viruses,…

Q: What role do virulence factors play in the four phases of infection? Describe the infection stage…

A: A disease is an abnormal state of an organism that disrupts biological processes. It might be acute,…

Q: What is the expected result if a compromised person is exposed to a true pathogen?

A: The term 'immuno-compromised' refers to the condition of an individual whose immune defenses are…

Q: What are blood born pathogens and how can it be prevented

A: Disease-causing microorganisms are pathogens.

Q: List three virulence factors and explain their role in establishing a disease. What is the…

A: Answers

Q: in order for a bacterial pathogen to colonise a host epithelial cell surface, which set of potential…

A: Introduction   Microorganisms develop or secrete some factors that can evoke pathogenicity in the…

Q: For those non-immunized and have acquired the infection before, is it possible for them to acquire…

A: The immune system is involved in fighting against the antigens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi,…

Q: Which is a method of transmitting pathogens from one host to another by carrying microorganisms…

A: Regardless of the reservoir, transmission can occur for an infection to spread. First, transmission…

Q: What is meant by an opportunistic pathogen?

A: A pathogen is a disease-causing organism. Microbes are found in abundance in the body. These…

Q: Define the term opportunism, illustrating your answer with two contrasting examples of organisms…

A: When a microbe penetrates a person's body and harm, it is called an infection. The microbe survives,…

Q: What political and societal factors might lead to a decrease in childhood immunizations?

A: In physiology, childhood immunization is defined as vaccination in order to develop immunity against…

Q: Discuss the following virulence factors: collagenase, hemolysin, siderophore. For each, explain the…

A: Please follow step 2 for detailed explanation

Q: List the stages of infection and the typical incubation periods What is the difference between…

A: Infection occurs when some infectious agent in the form of microorganisms may infect a person and is…

Q: How are acute, chronic, and latent infections different from one another?

A: Acute infection are those infections which occur in a relatively short time (rapid onset) (like in…

Q: corresponding

A: Vaccine effectiveness studies have conclusively demonstrated the benefit of covid 19vaccines in…

Q: What are the genetic and molecular features that differ between pathogens and members of the normal…

A: The phrase "ordinary microbiota" alludes to the microorganisms that live on a superficial level and…

Q: Injectable products must be endotoxin-free.  true or false?

A: Endotoxin is a type of pyrogen and is component of the exterior cell wall of Gram negative bacteria…

Q: Why are some pathogens more noticeable than others?

A: A pathogen is an organism that causes disease in its host, with virulence referring to the intensity…

Q: Identify three bacterial structures linked to virulence and pathogenicity.

A: A bacterial cell comprises three structural regions: attachments (proteins connected to the cell…

Q: What are three mechanisms pathogens use to block the immune system?

A: Introduction  The body's defence against infection is provided by the immune system, a vast network…

Q: Differentiate between exogenous and endogenous infections.

A: Infections are caused when a foreign pathogenic organism infects the host and becomes hostile…

Q: What are the the host immune defenses that the Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pneumoniae,…

A: Immune system has a defense mechanism against microbial infection which has to be overcome by the…

Q: What is the meaning of infective stage, pathogenic stage and diagnostic stage?

A: Infectious biology deals with the pathogens and their mode of infection in the host and the diseases…

Q: Describe the molecules or structures that facilitate pathogenadherence to host tissues.

A: The cell surface receptor or appendages that are known to favor the attachment of bacteria to the…

Q: According to the natural history of disease model, the time before the precursors of disease and the…

A: A disease is any condition of malfunction of physical and mental wellness of a person which may be…

Q: Our environment contains masses of microorganisms, many of which reside as commensal organisms on…

A: There are various kinds of interactions between the different organisms in the ecosystem in order to…

Q: What is the pathogenesis of ALL?

A: ALL is the type of leukemia and its full form is acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It is the most common…

Q: Why does an inactivated vaccine induce only a humoral response, whereas an attenuated vaccine…

A: The immune system in the body act as a defense system. It fights against disease and infection. The…

Q: What conditions compromise host defenses against microorganisms?

A: The term "human microbiome" refers to the complex biological system of microbes that resides in and…

Q: Given that every client cannot be fully screened forinfections, what precautions are essential to…

A: Infection is the common problem in hospitals. Infection can be defined as the condition in which the…

Q: List and describe the four methods by which infection can be transferred from the source to the host

A: Infection is caused in our bodies by various pathogens. The pathogen enters the body and affects the…

Q: Why are pathogenic disease referred to as transmissible disease?

A: The condition of complete well-being of social, physical, and mental condition is termed as health.…

Q: Why is the evasion of phagocytosis a type of virulence factor?

A: Virulence factors are substances that aid germs in invading the host at the cellular level. These…

Q: are Large numbers of gram-negative rods in the blood a form primary or seondary type of infection?…

A: These are those bacteria which  are primarily responsible for secondary type infection. Gram…

Q: Why is the development of recurrent or unusual infections the clinical hallmark of immunodeficiency?

A: Introduction :- The immune system's components, such as lymphocytes, phagocytes, and the complement…

Q: What is passive immunisation?

A: Immunity is the ability of an organism to fight with the diseases. Any foreign organism or particle…

Q: What or where is / are  the Preferred site(s) of infection for the Norovirus, and what is the…

A: Noroviruses are thought to be the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis like diarrhea and…

Q: Name the 10 different pathogen groups in descending order according to size (from the largest to the…

A: Pathogens are microscopic organisms that are available everywhere. There have several kinds of…

Q: Is this a graph of an acute, chronic or latent disease?

A: Diseases are mainly of three types : 1) Acute Disease - This type of a disease has a short term but…

Q: what are pathogen?

A: The microorganisms on the earth exist in different forms, shapes, sizes, and in a diverse range of…

Q: Which type of vaccine is used for HSV infections and why?

A: Human Alphaherpesvirus 1 and Human Alphaherpesvirus 2 are the members of the Herpes Viridae family.…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.