Which of the following describes a Z-DNA helix? a. It is inhibited by methylation of bases b. It is favored by alternating GC sequence c. It has fewer base pairs per turn than the B-DNA d. It is favored in many solutions that are relatively devoid of water
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- The joining of a new nucleotide to a growing strand during DNA synthesis leads to the formation of a phosphoester bond and involves O a nucleophilic attack of the terminal P atom of the growing strand on the electrophilic 3-0 atom of the growing strand O a nucleophilic attack of the terminal 3'-0 atom of the growing strand on the electrophilic P atom of the incoming nucleotide O an electrophilic attack of the terminal 3'-O atom of the growing strand on the nucleophilic P atom of the incoming nucleotide an electrophilic attack of the terminal Patom of the growing strand on the nucleophilic 3-O atom of the growing strandHydrolysis of the N-glycosyl bond between deoxyribose and a purine base in DNA creates an apurinic (AP) site. An AP site is more thermodynamically destabilizing to a DNA molecule than is a mismatched base pair. Examine the structure of an AP site. H₂N HN N O™ -O-P-O-CH₂ Guanine H₂N N HN Select the chemical consequences that could contribute to DNA instability at AP sites. H H 1₂0/ H fewer hydrogen bonds between the unpaired pyrimidine base and water disruption of the base-stacking interactions decreased interaction between the mutated DNA strand and histones increased ability of the deoxyribose ring to open without the attachment of the purine base H H Guanosine residue (in DNA) O™ -O-P-O-CH₂ O H H H O Apurinic residue H OH HLook at the double-stranded segment of DNA shown below. Imagine that the two strands have already been denatured, and the temperature has been decreased to an appropriate annealing temperature. Show where the two primers would anneal to the strands, then indicate the direction of extension on each new strand with an arrow. 5’--T C A G G A C G T A A G C T T G C A T A T C T C G A T G C T A A A T C A T—3’ 3’--A G T C C T G C A T T C G A A C G T A T A G A G C T A C G A T T T A G T A—5’ Primer #1: 3’ A C G A T T T 5’ Primer #2: 5’ G G A C G T A 3’
- The following fragment of DNA is from the template strand. First determine the amino acids of the protein encoded by this sequence by using the table at the end of this document. Then give the altered amino acid sequence of the proteins that will be found in each of the following mutations: 3’ – TAC AAG GCT CTA TTT GCC ACA ATC – 5’ The nucleotides are numbered 1-24 from left to right. Mutant 1: A transition at nucleotide 9 Mutant 2: A transition at nucleotide 11 Mutant 3: A T to A transversion at nucleotide 15 Mutant 4: A one-nucleotide deletion at nucleotide 7 Mutant 5: A transition at nucleotide 13 Mutant 6: An addition of GGA after nucleotide 6The following nucleotide sequence is found in a short stretch of DNA: 5′–AG–3′ 3′–TC–5′ a. Give all the mutant sequences that can result from spontaneous depurination in this stretch of DNA. b. Give all the mutant sequences that can result from spontaneous deamination in this stretch of DNA.Which of the following factors favors the formation of the Random DNA Coil? a Enthalpy b Base-Pairing c Phosphate group interactions d Stacking Energies
- Hydrolysis of the N-glycosyl bond between deoxyribose and a purine base in DNA creates an apurinic (AP) site. An AP site is more thermodynamically destabilizing to a DNA molecule than is a mismatched base pair. Examine the structure of an AP site. HN H₂N N 0 Guanine -O-P-O-CH₂O. H₂N H HN H H H Hod H ofo -0- Guanosine residue (in DNA) -0-CH₂ H H H Apurinic residue H OH HThe coding strand has the following sequence. Please answer thequestions below with regard to this coding strand.5' - A T G C C T T A C G C C C C T G G A G A C G A A A A G A A G G G T G C T A TT A C G T A T T T G A A G A A G G C C A C C T C T G A G T A A – 3'(a) What is the mRNA transcribed from this DNA sequence? What is the amino acid sequenceof the protein translated from this mRNA?(b) For some reasons, an amino acid sequence of Ala-Pro-Arg-Asp was found in the protein.Please explain how this sequence appears up in the final product.Which of the following relations will be true for the percentage of bases in double-stranded DNA? a. C + T = A + G b. CA = TG
- DNA is damaged when a base from the DNA chain is removed after an alkylation has occurred. In a depurination reaction, the purine nitrogenous base is displaced from its sugar as shown in this reaction. Draw the mechanism for this reaction and suggest a reason why it occurs so easily. HN' P H2N .N H,O HN° + Pi ОН N- H2N° ОН ОН ОН ОНGiven the active site diagram below, please identify the residue participating in a charge-charge interation. HO OH HN OH 5 ΝΗ *HN ΝΗ OH O Zn²+ 2 4 5 3 1 2 NH 3Which statement below is true? Select one: O a. In eukaryotes, synthesis of the new DNA strand is from 3' to 5', whereas in prokaryotes it is from 5' to 3' O b. In eukaryotes, synthesis of the new DNA strand is from 5' to 3', whereas in prokaryotes it is random. O c. In eukaryotes, synthesis of the new DNA strand is from 5' to 3, whereas in prokaryotes it is from 3' to 5'! O d. In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, the template strand of DNA is read in the template's 3' to 5' direction, while the new strand DNA is synthesized in new strand's 5' to 3' direction. O e. Okazaki fragments are produced in eukaryotic DNA replication but not in prokaryotic DNA replication.
