The evidence to support a causal relationship between smoking and ischemic heart disease based on a prospective cohort study is necessary because this design allows for ascertaining the one of the important guidelines to judge causality. reliability who is a smoker temporal relationship (temporality) between smoking and ischemic heart disease proof of evidence
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- Concisely define evidenced based practice, the evolution of EBP and how barriers to EBP can be overcome. Briefly give an example of a compelling clinical question that piques your interest?1. Which of the following study designs can account for confounding by variables that have not been measured? A. Prospective CohortB. Randomized Controlled Trial C. Cross-SectionalD. Case-Control 2. Suppose these same investigators now want to conduct a study to examine whether loss of 20 or more teeth is a risk factor for stroke. Should they consider hypertension to be a confounding variable?[see attachment] A. Yes B. No E. None of the above 3. Participants were recruited who resided close to a large urban hospital. For this study, the most relevant consequence of this methodological choice:[see attachment] A. Reduced losses to follow-up B. Reduced generalizabilityC. Reduced powerD. Reduced Hawthorne effect 4. Which of the following tests is the best choicce to test the null hypothesis that the unasjusted prevalence of hypertension is the same among partiicpants with fewer than 20 teeth and 20 or more teeth? A. Unpaired t-test, B. Paired t-test, C. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), D.…which of the four problem-solving frameworks (tracers, root cause analyses [RCA], failure mode effect analysis [FMEA] studies, or plan-do-study-act [PDSA]) could be utilized for patients who recieve appropiate care for sepsis or sepsis shock for improvement initiative?
- 'Falls in the hospital" Address this Issue and apply the model of improvement Framework(PDSA cycle) to analyse this issue. Also, justify the outcome measures chosen and explain how these will help to understand if a change is an improvement. Consider how the triple or quadruple aim will be addressed.How can Six Sigma or other frameworks be used in healthcare risk management? Short answer please do it asap!Which of the following statements can best describe the use of the Theory of Unitary Human Beings in a patient who was diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and was seeking help in quitting smoking? O Mutual Patterning should be established by assisting the patient to become more independent O Mutual Patterning should be established by helping the patient recover from his disease O None of the above O Mutual Patterning should be established by sharing knowledge and offering choices, first by the nurse then ask the patient if he agrees with the suggestion made, come up with a plan of care that you have chosen for the patient
- Investigators interested in understanding the relationship between mammography and breast cancer-specific mortality determine the age-adjusted mortality rates for breast cancer in each of the 50 states, as well as the percentage of women in each state who adhere to the U.S. Preventive Services guidelines for screening mammography. What type of study is this? Retrospective cohort study Ecologic study O Prospective cohort study O Case control study Cross-sectional studyA cohort study was conducted, enrolling 15,000 participants without a history of stroke. During the 15-year follow-up period, 440 cases of stroke occurred, of which 284 were classified as eating a poor diet (did not reach the recommended daily fruit and vegetable intake). Those reporting a poor diet contributed a total 126,550 person-years during the completed study. Those who reported a good diet that met the recommended daily fruit and vegetable intake contributed a total 96,422 person-years of follow-up. Calculate the relative risk of stroke in those exposed to the study factor. Report and interpret the meaning of the measure you calculate. Physical activity levels of participants were recorded during the study. The investigators analysed the data further to understand whether “low” physical activity (i.e. not meeting the recommended levels of physical activity) was a confounder of the association between a poor diet and incident stroke. They calculated the following values: The…According to the concept of operant conditioning, what are the techniques to increase the probability of a response, and what are the techniques to be used to decrease or extinguish the probability of a response? Explain the following with supporting literature• Give at least 3 example case/scenario for each.• State the relevance in medical aspect• Show the positive and negative outcomesNOTE: Cite references (APA format)
- Paper Assignment A study was conducted on patients with liver disease and some of their observations were included in the attached excel sheet. Use the dataset provided to answer the following questions: Q. 1. Write a statistical summary for participants' demographic and health details that include important variables such as Albumin Level, Age, Gender, Systolic BP, and Smoking Status. Point- 5 Q. 2. Compute most appropriate measure of central tendency and dispersion to report the variable Albumin level. Point- 2 Q. 3. (a) What is the appropriate statistical test to identify the significant difference between Gender groups and patients' Albumin level? (b) Write down the assumptions of the proposed statistical test. (c) Formulate null hypothesis & alternative hypothesis for such an association. Point-3QUESTION 1 Match each description to the correct study design. Study designs may be used more than once. ◆ Incidence data is not available with this study design, so an odds ratio is an appropriate measure of association to calculate. ◆ This study design allows for the evaluation of multiple outcomes. ◆ The temporal sequence between the exposure and outcome is clear for this study design; therefore, incidence data is available and a risk ratio can be calculated. ◆ With this study design, exposure status is assessed, and then participants are followed up over time to see who develops the outcome. ◆ Recall bias is a common issue with this study design because exposure information is collected from the past. QUESTION 2 A. Cohort study B. Case-control study Consider the following scenario for the questions that follow. In a recent case-control study, investigators enrolled 300 adults with heart disease and 300 healthy adults. During interviews with the participants, the investigators…Coffee may not affect blood pressure in women, reported an article in Mobile Register, November 9, 2005. This article was based on a study reported by the Journal of the American Medical Association (2005) that followed 155,594 mostly white female nurses, age 55 on the average, who took part in two long running health studies. The participants were questioned periodically about their diets and health and followed for over 12 years. a) Is this an observational study or an experiment? b) Caffeine is a well-known beverage in both coffee and cola and has been shown to cause short-term increases in blood pressure. The article reported that drinking coffee doesn’t seem to cause long-term high blood pressure. Can such a cause-and-effect conclusion be drawn from this study? Justify your response.