The effect of pH on drug absorption5. Many drugs are absorbed into the blood through cells lining the stomach, the smallintestine, or other epithelial tissues. This process involves movement of the drugmolecule across the plasma membrane by direct diffusion. Since the interior of theplasma membrane is hydrophobic, the uncharged molecules cross the membrane fasterthan charged (ionized) molecules. If a drug contains an ionizable group, its absorptionwill therefore be dependent on the pH. Consider the absorption of the ionizable drug,morphine, shown below in its uncharged form. We will only focus on the ionization ofthe amino group of morphine (pKa = 8.2).НО,HHO..N-CH3morphine (neutral)morphine (charged) a. In the neutral form shown above, is morphine in its HA or A¯ state?b. On the diagram above, draw the charged form of morphine.c. The pH in the stomach is approximately 2.0, and in the intestine approximately7.4. Calculate what proportion of morphine will be in its neutral form in thestomach and in the intestine (as ratio of neutral/charged species). Fill in the tablebelow with your answers and show your work.neutral/charged morphine*intestinestomach*note: this is either [HA]/[A'] or [A]/[HA], depending on your answers in (a) and (b)d. Using your result in part (c) of this question, predict if morphine is absorbed moreefficiently in the stomach or in the intestine. Explain your reasoning.

The fluid mosaic model proposes that the cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins…

The effect of pH on drug absorption 5. Many drugs are absorbed into the blood through cells lining the stomach, the small intestine, or other epithelial tissues. This process involves movement of the drug molecule across the plasma membrane by direct diffusion. Since the interior of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic, the uncharged molecules cross the membrane faster than charged (ionized) molecules. If a drug contains an ionizable group, its absorption will therefore be dependent on the pH. Consider the absorption of the ionizable drug, morphine, shown below in its uncharged form. We will only focus on the ionization of the amino group of morphine (pKa = 8.2). НО.

The effect of pH on drug absorption 5. Many drugs are absorbed into the blood through cells lining the stomach, the small intestine, or other epithelial tissues. This process involves movement of the drug molecule across the plasma membrane by direct diffusion. Since the interior of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic, the uncharged molecules cross the membrane faster than charged (ionized) molecules. If a drug contains an ionizable group, its absorption will therefore be dependent on the pH. Consider the absorption of the ionizable drug, morphine, shown below in its uncharged form. We will only focus on the ionization of the amino group of morphine (pKa = 8.2). НО.