suppose atmospheric co2 is growing at 2 ppm/yr, fossil and cement emission are 9 GtC/yr and the air borne fraction is 38 percent. if the only other carbon emission are associated with land use changes, estimate their net carbin emission rate
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suppose atmospheric co2 is growing at 2 ppm/yr, fossil and cement emission are 9 GtC/yr and the air borne fraction is 38 percent. if the only other carbon emission are associated with land use changes, estimate their net carbin emission rate
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- A company's marginal costs for emission reduction (MAC) can be expressed as MAC = 2A, where A is abatement in tonnes. MAC is expressed in USD. Assume that the company's total emissions inthe starting position is 100 tons. a) Assume that the authorities now decide on a limit value which means that the company may not emit more than 30 tonnes. What is the total cost for the company to live up to this limit? b) A research team consisting of both ecologists and economists concludes that the marginal benefit (per tonne) of reducing emissions is constant and equal to USD 100. How high is the socio-economically optimal level of emissions (for the individual company) given thisinformation? c) Assume that a system for trading in emission rights is established. The company in question is allocated 30 emission rights (where each right corresponds to one tonne). If the price of emission rights is USD 120 (per tonne), will the company be a buyer or a seller of emission rights and if so, how many…The country of Luberia has discovered a massive oil field. Many companies have acquired rights to drill wells in the field. Oil engineers have calculated that the total output of oil per year (in barrels) will be Q = 1000n - n? where n is the number of wells drilled. Oil sells for $50 per barrel and a well costs $10,000 per year to drill and maintain. (a) What would be the equilibrium number of wells drilled if entry is uncontrolled? What will be the total output of oil and the net surplus generated for the economy? (b) Suppose the government nationalizes the oil industry. How many wells should be drilled to maximize surplus? How much surplus is generated? (c) Can government achieve the outcome in (b) without nationalizing the industry? How? Give a detailed answer.The problems with e.g."Acid rain" created by emissions of sulfur dioxide has been onemajor problem in Sweden, not least because emissions have occurred in other countries (eg England and Denmark) andthen transported here. Now assume that if one tonne of sulfur is emitted in England, it results in one (1) gram of sulfur deposition in Sweden. The corresponding deposit of one tonne of sulfur emissions in Denmark is assumed to be 3 grams. Suppose further that The socio-economic damage of one gram of sulfur deposit can be estimated at SEK 0.10.The marginal cost of reduce sulfur emissions in England is estimated at Z SEK per tonne, and in Denmark the equivalent is estimatedcost to 2Z SEK per tonne. Z indicates here the emission reduction in tonnes (eg in Denmark it would cost SEK 4 toreduce emissions by two tonnes). In other words, Z = 0 corresponds to the emission level where there is no reductionemissions occur. a) Suppose now that the European Union decides that Denmark and England…
- The marginal benefit of being able to emit a ton of sulphur dioxide emissions for twofirms are given by:MBX = 320 – ( Ex / 3 )MBY = 500 – ( Ey / 2 )Note that these marginal benefit figures can be interpreted as marginal cost of abatingemission down to levels Ex and Ey.Government regulators want to reduce total sulfur dioxide emissions to a total of 1200tons.a) If the government imposes the same standard of 600 tons maximum emissions onboth firms what would be the total cost of abatement (calculated as the aggregatedmarginal benefits forgone)?b) If the government distributed 600 tradable pollution permits to each firm whatwould be the final allocation of these permits after the firms trade them? Whatwould be the total cost of abatement in this latter case?A firm has a marginal emissions benefit of 100-0.5*E in each of 2 years, where E measures emissions in tons. The marginal cost of emissions to society is 75/ton. The discount rate is 10% and the marginal cost of emissions also grows at 10% per year. The government decides to give the firm permits to emit 50 tons of emissions per year, but allows the firm to "bank" or "borrow" permits across the two years so that this effectively acts as a 100 ton cap on emissions over 2 years. How much will the firm emit in each year? If all firms are identical to the one you analyze here, is the government issuing too many or too few emission permits relative to the efficient level? How do you know?This is question 13.7
- Many economists favor a carbon tax as a way to discourage carbon emissions. Suppose such a tax were to be set at $20 per metric ton of carbon emissions (1 metric ton = 1,000 kilograms). Consider a 35% efficient coal-fired powerplant that produces 50MW of electricity. Given the carbon intensity of coal is 24gC/MJ, answer the following: a) What would the annual carbon tax be for this powerplant? Answer: $2.16 million/year b) A tree farm sequesters carbon at the rate of 5,000kg per year per acre over the 40-year life of the farm. What area of forest (in acres) would have to be planted to “offset” the powerplant’s emissions over the next 40 years (roughly the lifetime of the powerplant)? Answer: 21,600 acres c) How much could the powerplant operators pay for the forestry project (in $/acre-year) and still have it be cheaper than paying the $20 per metric ton carbon tax? Answer: $100/acre-yearPLEASE DO 14.6I keep getting two different answers for the first part (10000/w and 40000/w) but I don't know which one is correct
- Both an emission tax and a tradable discharge permit scheme "have not yet been applied to situations in the real world guarantee that the desired level of pollution will be reached even when there is uncertainty regarding the aggregate MAC function С. guarantee that pollution reduction will be achieved cost-effectively Od. All of the aboveJust the Question 3 (IV) Please.Mostly everyone would agree that pollution is undesirable. But cleaner environment requires higher production costs and a lower level of output. It is difficult though to measure the value on the health, environmental, and aesthetic benefits resulting from a cleaner environment. The health effects associated with the release of various chemicals into the air or water are often not fully understood. While the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and global warming is the subject of a great deal of scientific speculation and study, precise measurements of the expected environmental damage are not yet available. It is also not easy to place a value on the aesthetic pleasure that individuals may experience knowing that the air and water surrounding them is cleaner. The energy giant Royal Dutch Shell have reached its oil production peak in 2019. Now the company’s focus now is on shifting to renewables and reducing its carbon footprint through green technologies. Did you know that…