Some toxins block the synthesis of mRNA or proteins. Why would this effect be toxic, and how could it be used in the laboratory?
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- 17. How does soap help in killing bacteria and other pathogens? Choose all that applies V A. Soaps forms insoluble fats in acidic water creating a precipitate known as soap scums. O B. Soap dissolves the fat molecules in the membrane of cells and viral bodies causing the membranes to fall apart O c. Soap contains fat-like substances known as amphiphiles which competes with the lipids found in the cell membranes and virus membranes causing the cell or virus in active. O D. Soaps are surfactants, allowing now the fat molecules in the cell membranes and viruses to mix (emulsify) with water thus reducing their affinity to the skin and are easily washed away by water. E. Dirt molecules, bacteria and viruses are chemically attracted to soap molecules so that they are washed away with the water when you rinse your hands.3. Why is the possibility that all antibiotics may become useless such a serious concern?10. In a secret cabinet of a lab, you find two Petri dishes in storage and a mysterious lab notebook. In an effort to identify the bacteria, you run some tests (taking all necessary safety precautions) and look through the lab notebook. You find that the two Petri dishes contain the same type of nutrient medium and both bacteria seem to be Escherichia sp., but that the bacteria in plate 1 are producing large amounts of a variety of neurotoxins. The bacteria in plate 2 are not producing any major exported product. You also find this chart in the lab notebook: A E. coli growth rate (biomass/hour) Given that Strain 2 is normal E.coli (the control) and Strain 1 is a genetically engineered strain of E.coli, which line is most likely to represent strain 1, and why? A. Line B, since strain 1 should exhibit lower than normal growth efficiency. B. Line B, since strain 1 should exhibit higher than normal growth efficiency. C. Line A, since strain 1 should exhibit lower than normal growth…
- 20. Viroids and prions: a. Compare viroids and prions in terms of structure and host.b. Describe how prions accumulate in nervous tissue and the appearance of the brain that has been infected with prions.Robert Koch (a) proposed a set of guidelines to demonstrate that a specific pathogen causes specific disease symptoms (b) discovered Helicobacter (c) showed that biofilms consist of microorganisms (d) proposed a hypothesis for antibiotic resistance (e) demonstrated that people can be stimulated to develop immunity to disease16. Why 70% alcohol is used as a disinfectant? Circle all possible explanation. O A. Alcohol denatures proteins in the plasma membrane or viral body thus destroying it rendering them ineffective and causing cell death or inhibiting reproduction. V B. Water is used as a catalyst for the denaturation of proteins that leads to cell membrane destruction. O c. Alcohol can be taken in orally, destroys cells that entered the body. V D. Diluted alcohol evaporates slower compared to a pure alcohol since its highly volatile, providing more time for chemical reactions to take place. O E. 100% alcohol coagulates proteins instantly creating a film that protects the other proteins from further coagulation preventing other alcohol molecules to react and destroy the cell membrane. O F. Alcohol has a dehydrating effect and may interfere with the functioning of cell membranes.
- 1. Your doctor tells your friend that he has a viral infection in his throat. The pain is intolerable and he has an upcoming exam to study for. He is mad at his doctor for not prescribing him an antibiotic. How would you explain to him the rationale behind his doctor’s decision? Explain that a virus can’t be treated with an antibiotic and why2. A pharmacologist discovers a new fungal metabolite with unusual antimicrobial properties. It naturally concentrates in the endosomes, lysosomes, and phagolysosomes of cells and directly kills microorganisms (eg, Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that are normally resistant to degradation in the phagolysosomes. It has the undesirable effect of raising the pH within phagolysosomes. Which of the following processes will be primarily affected? A) Class I MHC molecule peptide loading o B) Class II MHC molecule peptide loading C) B-Microglobulin surface expression D) Peptide binding to TCRaß E) Peptide binding to TCRYSViruses1. contain both protein and nucleic acid.2. infect all domains of life.3. can grow in the absence of living cells.4. are generally the same size as prokaryotes.5. always kill the cells they infect.a) 1, 2b) 2, 3c) 3, 4d) 4, 5e) 1, 5
- B. The Strange Case of BeriBeri In 1887 a strange nerve disease attacked the people in the Dutch East Indies. The disease was BeriBeri. Symptoms of the disease included weakness and loss of appetite. Victims often died of heart failure. Scientists thought the disease might be caused by bacteria. They injected chickens with bacteria from the blood of patients with BeriBeri. The injected chickens became sick. However, so did a group of chickens that were not injected with bacteria from the blood of patients with BeriBeri. One of the scientists, Dr. Eijkman, noticed something. Before the experiment, all the chickens had eaten whole-grain rice, but during the experiment, the chickens were fed polished rice. Dr. Eijkman researched this interesting case. he found that polished rice lacked thiamine, a vitamin necessary for good health. 1. State the Problem. 2. What was the hypothesis? 3. How was the hypothesis tested? 4. Should the hypothesis be supported or rejected based on the experiment?…1. Although mutants incapable of producing exotoxins are relatively easy to isolate, mutants incapable of producing endotoxins are much harder to isolate. Explain the differences in mutant recovery?B. The Strange Case of BeriBeri In 1887 a strange nerve disease attacked the people in the Dutch East Indies. The disease was BeriBeri. Symptoms of the disease included weakness and loss of appetite. Victims often died of heart failure. Scientists thought the disease might be caused by bacteria. They injected chickens with bacteria from the blood of patients with BeriBeri. The injected chickens became sick. However, so did a group of chickens that were not injected with bacteria from the blood of patients with BeriBeri. One of the scientists, Dr. Eijkman, noticed something. Before the experiment, all the chickens had eaten whole-grain rice, but during the experiment, the chickens were fed polished rice. Dr. Eijkman researched this interesting case. he found that polished rice lacked thiamine, a vitamin necessary for good health. 1. State the Problem. 2. What was the hypothesis? 3. How was the hypothesis tested? 4. Should the hypothesis be supported or rejected based on the experiment?…