Proteases are one of the main drug targets. Choose the False statement regarding proteases. A. Proteases are enzymes that cleave peptide bonds. B. Water is a reactant in the reaction catalyzed by proteases. C. Proteases, like all enzymes show substrate specificity, meaning they cleave only substate that fit the bonding product. D. Proteases rely on the proton transfer from NADH to the substrate. E. Protease mechanism involves only acid-base catalysis.
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- Which statement is/are TRUE about inhibitors? A. Mode of action of penicillin on bacteria is an example of irreversible inhibition. B. Increasing the substrate concentration does not affect competitive inhibitors C. Uncompetitive inhibitors bind only to the enzyme-substrate complex D. In the Lineweaver-Burke plot, the lines for enzymes in the presence and absence of noncompetitive inhibitor have different x-intercepts.Consider the following enzyme cartoons or structures carefully. Note active sites, presence of cofactors, substrates, etc. and then answer the following questions with the applicable numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, None or All. More than one number may apply. 3. 2. 1. GO Substrate Enzyme Substrate Enzyme Pepsin Enolase a. Example(s) of an allosteric enzyme b. Example(s) of a proteolytic enzyme c. Example(s) of an enzyme(s) with cofactor(s) e. Example(s) of an enzyme(s) that could be impacted by an irreversible competitor. d. Example(s) of an enzyme(s) with a second site for feedback control. f. Enzyme(s) definitely composed of two or more protein chains.Proteases belong to the 'lyases' group of enzymes: a. FALSE b. TRUE
- Which of the following best explains why enzyme catalysis is affected by a change in pH? A. Change in pH alters ionization states of serine in the active site involved in nucleophilic catalysis B. The ionization states of his, asp and glu involved in acid/base catalysis are altered with change in pH C. Change in pH alters ionization states of contact amino acids in the active site D. All enzymes have optimum pHa. What is the name of metabolite 1? b. What is the name of metabolite 2? c. What kind of reaction occurred when 1 was converted to 2? d. What general kind of enzyme might you expect to perform this reaction? e. What cofactor, if any, would be required for this reaction?The steps of the chymotrypsin mechanisms are listed below (1-7). Put the steps of chymotrypsin mechanism in the correct order. Figure representing chymotrypsin mechanism is given for reference. a.The portion (N-terminal end) of original substrate with the new C terminus diffuses away b. Substrate binding c. His 57 catalyzes removal of H from Ser 195 hydroxyl; Ser 195’s nucleophilic O attacks carbonyl C of substrate; tetrahedral intermediate is formed d. Water binding; water is deprotonated by His 57; resulting OH nucleophilically attacks carbonyl of remaining substrate; tetrahedral intermediate is formed e. His 57 donates H to N of…
- Explain as brief and simple as possible. Answers must not be more than 30 WORDS each. a. All coenzymes are cofactors, but not all cofactors are coenzymes. Explain this statement. b. How does the induced-fit model of enzyme action explain the broad specificities of some enzymes? c. In competitive inhibition, can both the inhibitor and the substrate bind to an enzyme at the same time? Explain your answer d. Why is penicillin toxic to bacteria but not to higher organisms? e. What is the metabolic basis for the observation that many adults cannot ingest large quantities of milk without developing gastric difficulties?Which of the following pathways is likely to NOT be directly affected by the antimetabolite drug methotrexate? a. Production of purine deoxyribonucleotides b. Production of purine ribonucleotides c. Production of thymidylate d. Production of pyrimidine ribonucleotidesThe following statements are either True or False. Please label accordingly. a. L-Amino reductase is an enzyme. b. Allosteric enzymes are composed of two or more protein chains. Heavy metals are examples of inhibitors. They function by binding to sulfur on cysteine amino acid residues. C. d. A reversible noncompetitive inhibitor temporarily blocks an enzyme's active site. Enzymes don't denature as easily as smaller proteins when heated or stressed due to their complex secondary and tertiary structure. e. Oxidative phosphorylation is the biochemical process by which ATP is synthesized from ADP when protons cross the inner mitochondrial membrane. f. g. DNA and RNA strands differ only in the fact that DNA forms a double helix. h. There is no secondary structure in RNA strands.
- A drug with which of the following molecular mechanisms of action would be least likely to function as a DHFR inhibitor? a.Increase DHFR degradation b.Block substrate from binding to the DHFR active site c.Alter folding to increase NADPH cofactor bindingThis assay is the most common method of detection in enzyme assays: A. рН B. spectrophotometric assay C. radiation D. electromagnetism The structure of THF comes from which derivatives: A. Pteridine derivative B. p-Aminobenzoic acid C. Glutamate D. All of the above Role of coenzyme, except for: A. Electron transfer reactions B. Allow precise orientation of the substrate at the active site C. Chemical group transfer reactions D. None of the aboveThere are several applications of microorganisms in industries. One of them is in medical and pharmaceuticals. Name a suitable microorganism and demonstrate its application in producing synthetic human insulin.