Problem 4. Hummingbirds use their long tongues to collect floral nectar (Fig. 4a-b). The distal portion of the bird's tongue consists of thin keratinized membrane that spontaneously folds into two conjoining tubes when extended (Fig. 4c-d). Additionally, hummingbirds have no muscular control over the shape of its tongue and active suction is impossible; instead, they rely on capillarity to drive up the nectar. Once the tongue is loaded with nectar, it is retracted into the bill for ingestion. Given nectar has a density of p = 1060 kg/m³, surface tension of y = 0.052 N/m, the contact angle between the hummingbird's tongue and nectar is 0 = 30°, determine the maximum volume of nectar the hummingbird can imbibe each time it dips into the jar (Fig. 5). (a) (b) (c) 50 ms (d) Nectar Cross section Posterior view Air Figure 4: (a) Hummingbirds drink nectar, a sweet liquid inside certain flowers. (b) Anatomy of hummingbirds. (c) Hummingbird's tongue spontaneuously folds into two conjoining tubes when extended. (d) Cross-sectional view of the hummingbird tongue. Scale bars are 0.5 mm. Figure 5: A hummingbird drinking nectar at an angle a = 65°.
Problem 4. Hummingbirds use their long tongues to collect floral nectar (Fig. 4a-b). The distal portion of the bird's tongue consists of thin keratinized membrane that spontaneously folds into two conjoining tubes when extended (Fig. 4c-d). Additionally, hummingbirds have no muscular control over the shape of its tongue and active suction is impossible; instead, they rely on capillarity to drive up the nectar. Once the tongue is loaded with nectar, it is retracted into the bill for ingestion. Given nectar has a density of p = 1060 kg/m³, surface tension of y = 0.052 N/m, the contact angle between the hummingbird's tongue and nectar is 0 = 30°, determine the maximum volume of nectar the hummingbird can imbibe each time it dips into the jar (Fig. 5). (a) (b) (c) 50 ms (d) Nectar Cross section Posterior view Air Figure 4: (a) Hummingbirds drink nectar, a sweet liquid inside certain flowers. (b) Anatomy of hummingbirds. (c) Hummingbird's tongue spontaneuously folds into two conjoining tubes when extended. (d) Cross-sectional view of the hummingbird tongue. Scale bars are 0.5 mm. Figure 5: A hummingbird drinking nectar at an angle a = 65°.
Chapter2: Loads On Structures
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P
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Question
Transcribed Image Text:Problem 4. Hummingbirds use their long tongues to collect floral nectar (Fig. 4a-b). The
distal portion of the bird's tongue consists of thin keratinized membrane that spontaneously
folds into two conjoining tubes when extended (Fig. 4c-d). Additionally, hummingbirds have
no muscular control over the shape of its tongue and active suction is impossible; instead,
they rely on capillarity to drive up the nectar. Once the tongue is loaded with nectar, it is
retracted into the bill for ingestion. Given nectar has a density of p = 1060 kg/m³, surface
tension of y = 0.052 N/m, the contact angle between the hummingbird's tongue and nectar
is 0 = 30°, determine the maximum volume of nectar the hummingbird can imbibe each time
it dips into the jar (Fig. 5).
(a)
(b)
(c)
50 ms
(d)
Nectar
Cross section
Posterior view
Air
Figure 4: (a) Hummingbirds drink nectar, a sweet liquid inside certain flowers. (b) Anatomy of
hummingbirds. (c) Hummingbird's tongue spontaneuously folds into two conjoining tubes when
extended. (d) Cross-sectional view of the hummingbird tongue. Scale bars are 0.5 mm.
Figure 5: A hummingbird drinking nectar at an angle a = 65°.
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