Please fill in the blanks to make these statements TRUE: In hepatocytes, glucagon signaling leads to release of select one signaling, on the other hand, leads to the activation of select one which leads to activation of PKA. One of the net effects of this signaling pathway is the select one of FBase-2 via select one , which leads to the select one ✓of select one, thus leading to select one of this enzyme. Insulin
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Need help, please.
Drop down answer list choices from left to right.
1. The first set of drop down answer choices are ATP, AMP, cAMP, GTP, GDP, or PP1.
2. The second set of drop down answer choices are activation or inhibition.
3. The third set of drop down answer choices are phosphorylation or dephosphorylation.
4. The fourth set of drop down answer choices are PKA, PP1, GS, or PFK1.
5. The fifth set of drop down answer choices are phosphorylation or dephosphorylation.
6. The sixth set of drop down answer choices are PFK-1, PFK-2, FBase-1, or FBase-2.
7. The seventh set of drop down answer choices are increased activity, decreased activity, or no change in activity.
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- A strain of mice has been developed that lack the enzyme phosphorylase kinase. Yet, after strenuous exercise, the glycogen stores of a mouse of this strain are depleted. Explain how this depletion is possible.Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling Discuss the nature of the TNF ligand and the receptor for that ligand, and explain the general steps in the pathway (use figure 8.53 and explain in your own words). Make sure to include an explanation of the proteolytic and phosphorylation cascades. What advantage is there in having a cascade part of these pathways? What purpose does it serve?Lithium ion, which is used to treat bipolar disorder, interferes with the phosphoinositide signaling pathway by inhibiting enzymes such as inositol monophosphatase and inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase. Predict the eff ect of Li+ on the supply of cellular inositol, a precursor of phosphatidylinositol and PIP2.
- How is cigarette smoking related to elastase function? Methionine sulfoxide is formed by cigarette smoke in the antitrypsin protein, which leads to the full manifestation of the disease in individuals heterozygous for emphysema. Oxidation of methionine 358 by cigarette smoke of the elastase inhibitor active site leads to an increased inhibition of elastase and subsequent overaccumulation of mucus in the lungs. The inhibitor of elastase is axidized by cigarette smoke so elastase doesn't function properly in healthy individuals. Cigarette smoke modifies the elastase methionine residues such that the enzyme activity is blocked.One signal may activate multiple downstream pathways cell. For example, insulin can bind the insulin receptor la receptor hyrosine kinosed to cause in a single in changes glucost metabolism & transport, and cell growth. Outline possible steps between activation of an insulin receptor and (A) Phosphorylation of a TF (transcription factor) by merek-p B) Syntheri) of PIPS. () Activation of Calcium - Calmodulin- dependent protein kinale. In some cells, Scaffold proteic • Phosphorylated MAPK may To Turn Off Pathway: a) Phosphate Б) марккк по E) Raj - GAP = GTPase Activating GTPase activity of1. The second high energy intermediate metabolite of glycolysis that can be used for substrate level phosphorylation is also a precursor molecule for the synthesis of several amino acids. Name 5 of these amino acids. 2. Explain the indirect effect that allosteric effectors have on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of components within the PDH-complex.
- Assume that you have genetically modified the gene for the glucagon receptor in a rat. Theextracellular region of the modified glucagon receptor can still bind to glucagon. However, thecytoplasmic region of the modified glucagon receptor can only bind and activate an inhibitoryG protein in response to glucagon binding. Describe how lipid metabolism in this geneticallymodified rat responds to starvation. Briefly explain your reasonings pleaseWhich of the following is an expected effect of HIF-1 regulated release of VEGF? Group of answer choices decreased reliance on oxygen for ATP production increased blood supply to hypoxic regions of tissues increased lactate production increased ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation Which of these is LEAST likely to be present at higher levels as a result of stabilization of HIF-1? Group of answer choices citrate hexokinase lactate dehydrogenase pyruvate dehydrogenase kinaseBetween your evening meal and breakfast, your blood glucose drops and your liver becomes a net producer rather than a consumer of glucose. Which statements describe the hormone-stimulated process that triggers glucose production by the liver? The increase in (CAMP] causes protein kinase A to phosphorylate pyruvate kinase, thus inhibiting glycolysis in muscle tissue to promote gluconeogenesis in the liver. The decrease in [fructose 2,6-bisphosphate] stimulates FBPase-1, the key enzyme in gluconeogenesis. Epinephrine stimulates an enzyme cascade involving hepatic protein kinase A (PKA) and phosphorylase b kinase, which eventually leads to glycogen breakdown in the liver. O The rapid decrease in blood glucose levels triggers glucagon release by the pancreas. Glucagon stimulates CAMP-dependent phosphorylation of PFK-2/FBPase-2, which decreases [fructose 2,6-bisphosphate]. The decrease in [fructose 2,6-bisphosphate] stimulates PFK-1, the key enzyme in gluconeogenesis.