operon G CAP active negative positive repressor lac Reset An example of this is the When the An example of this is the protein When a molecule is active and inhibits the activity of a(n) example of control When the protein is active, the protein protein is active, the operon is operon is
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Gene Interactions
When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.
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- Phorbol esters have been observed to induce the transcription of AP-1–influenced genes. Explain how this processcould occur. What are the consequences of AP-1 transcription? What role does intermittent exposure to phorbol estershave on an individual’s health?. An interesting mutation in lacI results in repressorswith 110-fold increased binding to both operator andnonoperator DNA. These repressors display a “reverse”induction curve, allowing β-galactosidase synthesis inthe absence of an inducer (IPTG) but partly repressingβ-galactosidase expression in the presence of IPTG. Howcan you explain this? (Note that, when IPTG binds a repressor, it does not completely destroy operator affinity,but rather it reduces affinity 110-fold. Additionally, ascells divide and new operators are generated by thesynthesis of daughter strands, the repressor must findthe new operators by searching along the DNA, rapidlybinding to nonoperator sequences and dissociating fromthem.)When challenged with a low oxygen environment, knownas hypoxia, the body produces a hormone called erythropoietin(EPO), which then stimulates red blood cell production tocarry more oxygen. Transcription of the gene encoding EPO isdependent upon the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), which is atranscriptional activator. However, HIF alone is not sufficientto activate EPO. For example, Wang et al. (2010. PLOS ONE 5:e10002) showed that HIF recruits another protein called p300to an enhancer for the EPO gene. Furthermore, deletion of p300significantly impaired transcription of the EPO gene in responseto hypoxia. Given that p300 is a type of histone acetyl transferase,how might p300 influence transcription of the EPO gene?
- The oscillatory clock that drives somite forma-tion in vertebrates involves three essential componentsHer7 (an unstable repressor of its own synthesis), Delta (atransmembrane signaling molecule), and Notch (a trans-membrane receptor for Delta). Notch is bound by Delta onneighboring cells, activating the Notch signaling pathway,which then activates Her7 transcription. Normally, thissystem works flawlessly to create sharply defined somites(Figure Q21–2A). In the absence of Delta, however, onlythe first five somites form normally, and the rest are poorlydefined (Figure Q21–2B). If a pulse of Delta is suppliedlater, somite formation returns to normal in the regionswhere Delta was present (Figure Q21–2C). A diagram ofthe connections between the components of the clockand how they interact in adjacent cells is shown in FigureQ21–2D. In the absence of Delta, why do the cells becomeunsynchronized? What is it about the presence of Deltathat keeps adjacent cells oscillating in synchrony?The PYK gene codes for the expression of pyruvate kinase, which is one of the enzymestargeted for anti-cancer drug design. You have identified an RNAi that targets the mRNAof PYK gene. To study the effect of the RNAi towards pyruvate kinase, the respected RNAiis expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The level of pyruvate kinase can be detectedwith a fluorescent antibody.(a). Predict the result that you will obtain in recombinant S. cerevisiae that expresses therespected RNAi.(b). Compare the result in Q3a(i) with the wild-type S. cerevisiae.I. The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) is a transcription factor that is similar to steroid hormone receptors. Thesubstance (ligand) that binds to this receptor is retinoicacid. One of the genes whose transcription is activatedby retinoic acid binding to the receptor is myoD. Thediagram that follows shows a schematic view of theRAR proteins produced by genes into which one oftwo different 12-base double-stranded oligonucleotides had been inserted in the ORF. The insertion site(a–m) associated with each mutant protein is indicatedwith the appropriate letter on the polypeptide map.For constructs encoding proteins a–e, oligonucleotide 1(5′ TTAATTAATTAA 3′ read off either strand) wasinserted into the RAR gene. For constructs encoding proteins f–m, oligonucleotide 2 (5′ CCGGCCGGCCGG 3′)was inserted into the gene.NH2 f g h i j k l m COOHa b c d eThe wild-type RAR protein can both bind DNA and activate transcription weakly in the absence of retinoic acid(RA) and strongly in RA’s presence. Each…
- Erythritol is a natural sugar abundant in fruits and fermentingfoods. Pathogenic bacterial strains that catabolize erythritolcontain four closely spaced genes, all involved in erythritolmetabolism. One of the four genes (eryD) encodes a productthat represses the expression of the other three genes. Erythritolcatabolism is stimulated by erythritol. Present a regulatorymodel to account for the regulation of erythritol catabolism insuch bacterial strains. Does this system appear to be underinducibleor repressible control?Describe the effects of the mutation causing the p21 promoter to no longer bind p53 on cell signaling pathways and metabolism or cell cycle control.For each of the terms in the left column, choose thebest matching phrase in the right column.a. basal factors 1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactionsb. repressors 2. pattern of expressiondepends on which parenttransmitted the allelec. CpG 3. activates gene transcriptiontemporal- and tissue-specificallyd. imprinting 4. site of DNA methylatione. miRNA 5. identifies DNA-binding sitesof transcription factorsf. coactivators 6. bind to enhancersg. epigenetic effect 7. bind to promotersh. insulator 8. bind to activatorsi. enhancer 9. prevents or reduces geneexpression posttranscriptionallyj. ChIP-Seq 10. heritable change in geneexpression not caused byDNA sequence mutation
- Indicate whether the protein binds directly or indirectly (assuming it does) to DNA and whether to the enhancer or promote 1.) TATA box binding protein (TBP), Repressor, and Basal factorsWhat factors called mitogens stim-ulate cultured mammalian cells to proliferate by inducing expression of early response genes. Many of these genesencode transcription factors that stimulate expression ofgenes encoding the G1/S phase cyclins and E2F transcriptionfactors.Predict the eff ect on cell growth of an Sos mutation that decreased its affi nity for Ras.