In upper gastrointestinal bleeding, without knowing the cause or source of bleeding, why do we give proton pump inhibitors (PPIS, e.g. omeprazole)? What is the role of these, if the source of bleeding is not peptic or duodenal ulcer?
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- Suggest a reason for this fact: "More aspirin is absorbed in the small intestine than in the stomach." What does the implication and the importance of knowing this?What agent is the number one cause ofgastrointestinal illness? What is the causative agentof vCJD? How does the structure of this agent differfrom that of the agent of noro foodborne illness?During liver failure, what specific amino acids should be used in order to ameliorate the existing diseases condition? Why have you selected these amino acids?
- A patient came to a dental clinic with complaints of dry mouth and multiple dental caries lesions. In the course of collecting anamnesis, it was found that an allergic patient takes antihistamines that block the H2 histamine receptors of smooth muscle cells of the salivary glands. It is known that histamine is a mediator that stimulates the secretion of saliva. Explain the mechanism of action of these drugs if it is known that the next day after discontinuation of the drug, the patient's dryness disappeared. For this: а) write the classification of inhibitors according to the mechanism of action b) indicate what type of inhibitors the drugs are taken by the patient; confirm your conclusion in writing c) guess what structure this drug may have d) give a picture illustrating the action of this type of inhibitors.A patient came to a dental clinic with complaints of dry mouth and multiple dental caries lesions. In the course of collecting anamnesis, it was found that an allergic patient takes antihistamines that block the H2 histamine receptors of smooth muscle cells of the salivary glands. It is known that histamine is a mediator that stimulates the secretion of saliva. Explain the mechanism of action of these drugs if it is known that the next day after discontinuation of the drug, the patient's dryness disappeared. Q: what type of inhibitor the drugs are taken by? what is their classification according to the mechanism of action?A patient came to a dental clinic with complaints of dry mouth and multiple dental caries lesions. In the course of collecting anamnesis, it was found that an allergic patient takes antihistamines that block the H2 histamine receptors of smooth muscle cells of the salivary glands. It is known that histamine is a mediator that stimulates the secretion of saliva. Explain the mechanism of action of these drugs if it is known that the next day after discontinuation of the drug, the patient's dryness disappeared. Q: give a picture illustrating the action of this type of inhibitors.
- Inflammation of the digestive tract is common to most irritable bowel diseases including Crohn’s Disease, IBD Syndrome, and Celiac’s Disease. While each of these diseases causes inflammation by a different mechanism, they all result in decreased capacity to absorb nutrients and minerals. In extreme cases, this can lead to severe diarrhea, malnutrition, osteoporosis (weakening of the bones), and iron deficiency, to name a few. Based on the information above, which region(s) and structure(s) of the alimentary canal is (are) most likely targets of inflammation? Explain your answer based on the roles of each segment of the alimentary canal.Certain drugs designed to reduce blood cholesterol workby blocking the reabsorption of bile acids in the ileum.Explain why they would have this cholesterol-loweringeffect.Explain the upward migration of enterocytes in colon. What is the role of Wnt factors and beta-catenin in the migration? Why does the mutation or absence of APC result in cancer?
- Besides being fundamentalfor the activation of the maingastric digestive enzyme howdoes HCl also directlyparticipate in digestion?How does Jane's problem with Ulcerative Colitis differ from Crohn’s disease (another Inflammatory Bowel Disease)? A. The damage to Jane’s GI tract is localized to the large intestine (colon), whereas patients with Crohn’s disease may have any part of the GI tract affected in the form of “skip” lesions. B. A patient with Crohn’s disease is more likely to have bloody stool than Jane. C. The entire thickness of the Jane’s intestinal wall (mucosa, submucosa, smooth muscle, and serosa) may be affected, whereas only the mucosa is affected in patients with Crohn’s disease. D. Jane may benefit from using a nicotine patch or chewing nicotine gum, while evidence for a therapeutic benefit of nicotine in Crohn’s disease is more limited. E. Anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals, such as steroids and immunomodulators, are used to treat Crohn’s disease but not Ulcerative Colitis.. (a) What is the order of magnitude of the number ofmicroorganisms in the human intestinal tract? A typical bacterial length scale is 1026 m. Estimate the intestinal volume and assume 1% of it is occupied by bacteria. (b) Does the number of bacteria suggest whetherthe bacteria are beneficial, dangerous, or neutral forthe human body? What functions could they serve?