In the Frozen Kingdom, Kristoff and Anna successfully raised a large family, which grew to a total of 50 people. Among the 50 people, 36 have brown eyes and 14 have blue eyes. A dominant allele R confers brown eye colour and a recessive allele r confers blue eye color. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is operating, answer the following questions. a. What is the frequency of the brown allele R? b. What is the frequency of the blue allele r? c. How many children are heterozygotes (Rr)?
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- A mouse from a true-breeding population with normal gait was crossed to a mouse displaying an oddgait called dancing. The F1 animals all showednormal gait.a. If dancing is caused by homozygosity for the recessive allele of a single gene, what proportion ofthe F2 mice should be dancers?b. If mice must be homozygous for recessive allelesof each of two different genes to have the dancing phenotype, what proportion of the F2 shouldbe dancers if the two genes are unlinked?(Assume that all the mice in the populationwith normal gait were homozygous fordominant alleles.)c. When the F2 mice were obtained, 42 normal and8 dancers were seen. Use the chi-square test todetermine if these results better fit the one-genemodel from part (a) or the two-gene model frompart (b).Huntington disease is a rare fatal, degenerative neurological disease in which individuals start to showsymptoms in their 40s. It is caused by a dominant allele. Joe, a man in his 20s, just learned that his fatherhas Huntington disease.a. What is the probability that Joe will also developthe disease?b. Joe and his new wife have been eager to start afamily. What is the probability that their first childwill eventually develop the disease?n a container/tub, place 50 pieces ofred paper, 50 pieces of pink paper, and50 pieces of white paper. Let usassume that each color is thephenotypic expression of thegenotypes homozygous dominant AA(red), heterozygous Aa (pink), andhomozygous recessive aa (white).Without looking, randomly pick 20 pieces of paper from your container/tub and assumethat those individuals died upon picking, thus will be removed from your population. a. If you are a picky eater and prefer the white only, what do you think will happen in the genotypic frequency and allelic frequencies of the red, pink and white pieces of papers?
- Assume that in Figure 24.14, x equals the mean phenotype of theparents and y equals the mean phenotype of the offspring. Which linerepresents the highest heritability? Explain your answer.A rare recessive allele inherited in a Mendelian mannercauses the disease cystic fibrosis. A phenotypically normal man whose father had cystic fibrosis marries a phenotypically normal woman from outside the family, andthe couple consider having a child.a. Draw the pedigree as far as described.b. If the frequency in the population of heterozygotesfor cystic fibrosis is 1 in 50, what is the chance that thecouple’s first child will have cystic fibrosis?c. If the first child does have cystic fibrosis, what is theprobability that the second child will be normal?A woman who is heterozygous, Bb, has brown eyes; B (brown) isthe dominant allele, and b (blue) is recessive. One of her eyes,however, has a patch of blue color. Give three different explanationsfor how this might have occurred?
- Two alleles at one locus produce three distinctphenotypes. Two alleles of two genes lead tofive distinct phenotypes. Two alleles of six geneslead to 13 distinct phenotypes. (These statementsassume that the alleles at any one locus arecodominant or incompletely dominant andthat each gene makes an equal contributionto the phenotype.)a. Derive a formula to express this relationship. (Letn equal the number of genes.)b. Each of the most extreme phenotypes for a traitdetermined by two alleles at one locus are foundin a proportion of 1/4 in the F2 generation. If twoalleles of two genes determine the trait, each extreme phenotype will be present in the F2 as 1/16of the population.In common wheat (Triticum aestivum),kernel color varies from red to white andthe genes controlling the color act additively,that is, alleles for each gene are incompletelydominant and each gene contributes equallyto the color. A true-breeding red variety iscrossed to a true-breeding white variety, and1/256 of the F2…The following pedigree shows the inheritance of deafmutism.a. Provide an explanation for the inheritance of thisrare condition in the two families in generations I andII, showing the genotypes of as many persons aspossible; use symbols of your own choosing.b. Provide an explanation for the production of onlynormal persons in generation III, making sure that yourexplanation is compatible with the answer to part aDuchenne muscular dystrophy is sex linked and usuallyaffects only males. Victims of the disease become progressively weaker, starting early in life.a. What is the probability that a woman whose brotherhas Duchenne’s disease will have an affected child?b. If your mother’s brother (your uncle) had Duchenne’sdisease, what is the probability that you have receivedthe allele?c. If your father’s brother had the disease, what is theprobability that you have received the allele?
- Piebald spotting is a condition found in humans inwhich there are patches of skin that lack pigmentation. The condition results from the inability ofpigment-producing cells to migrate properly duringdevelopment. Two adults with piebald spotting haveone child who has this trait and a second child withnormal skin pigmentation.a. Is the piebald spotting trait dominant or recessive?What information led you to this answer?b. What are the genotypes of the parents?. In 1919, Calvin Bridges began studying an X-linkedrecessive mutation causing eosin-colored eyes inDrosophila. Within an otherwise true-breedingculture of eosin-eyed flies, he noticed rare variantsthat had much lighter cream-colored eyes. By intercrossing these variants, he was able to make a truebreeding cream-eyed stock. Bridges now crossedmales from this cream-eyed stock with true-breedingwild-type females. All the F1 progeny had red (wildtype) eyes. When F1 flies were intercrossed, the F2progeny were 104 females with red eyes, 52 maleswith red eyes, 44 males with eosin eyes, and14 males with cream eyes. Assume that thesenumbers represent an 8:4:3:1 ratio.a. Formulate a hypothesis to explain the F1 and F2results, assigning phenotypes to all possiblegenotypes.b. What do you predict in the F1 and F2 generations if the parental cross is between truebreeding eosin-eyed males and true-breedingcream-eyed females?c. What do you predict in the F1 and F2 generationsif the parental cross is…Write the number of different kinds of phenotypes,excluding sex, you would see among a large numberof progeny from an F1 mating between individuals ofidentical genotype that are heterozygous for one ortwo genes (that is, Aa or Aa Bb) as indicated. No geneinteractions means that the phenotype determined byone gene is not influenced by the genotype of theother gene.a. One gene; A completely dominant to a.b. One gene; A and a codominant.c. One gene; A incompletely dominant to a.d. Two unlinked genes; no gene interactions; Acompletely dominant to a, and B completelydominant to b.e. Two genes, 10 m.u. apart; no gene interactions; Acompletely dominant to a, and B completely dominant to b.f. Two unlinked genes; no gene interactions; A anda codominant, and B incompletely dominant to b.g. Two genes, 10 m.u. apart; A completely dominantto a, and B completely dominant to b; and withrecessive epistasis between aa and the alleles ofgene B.h. Two unlinked duplicated genes (that is, A and Bperform…