In the context of this study, chance acting alone implies that: Each respondent randomly selected the aggressiveness rating for the dog.Whether the dog image was tearful or tearless the respondent would have chosen the same aggressiveness rating.The tears had no impact on the aggressiveness rating.The aggressiveness rating chosen by each participant had nothing to do with whether the dog had tears or not.The observed difference between the average aggressiveness ratings was due solely to the random allocation of the participants to the images (Tearful or Tearless). Figure 2: Aggressiveness by PhotoQuestions 2 and 3 refer to the following additional information.A two-sided randomisation test was performed on the data with hypotheses:Ho Tearless - Tearful = 0H1 μTearless - μTearful #0VIT output of the data and the re-randomisation distribution is shown below in Figure 3.DataőRe-Randomised Data0I-50.59Re-Randomisation DistributionFigure 3: VIT output from the randomisation test.562/1000 = 0.0020.5979TearfulTearless10TearfulTearless10 A study aimed to explore the influence of tears on perceived aggressiveness by using pictures of animal faceswith digitally added tears. 403 participants, recruited from different social networks and academic institutions, weresent an online survey that included a photo of a dog. The dog photo was randomly selected to either be tearlessor tearful.Picó, A., & Gadea, M. (2021). When animals cry: The effect of adding tears to animal expressions on humanjudgment. PLOS ONE, 16(5), e0251083. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251083Figure 1: The tearless dog (left) and tearful dog (right).One question in the survey asked:Rate how aggressive you find the dog on the 10-point scale below, where 0 indicates the complete absence ofaggressiveness, and 10 the highest degree of aggressiveness.Plots of Aggressiveness by Photo are shown in Figure 2.PhotoTearfulTearless0AggressivenessOOOO10

Question

In the context of this study, chance acting alone implies that: Each respondent randomly selected the aggressiveness rating for the dog.Whether the dog image was tearful or tearless the respondent would have chosen the same aggressiveness rating.The tears had no impact on the aggressiveness rating.The aggressiveness rating chosen by each participant had nothing to do with whether the dog had tears or not.The observed difference between the average aggressiveness ratings was due solely to the random allocation of the participants to the images (Tearful or Tearless). Figure 2: Aggressiveness by PhotoQuestions 2 and 3 refer to the following additional information.A two-sided randomisation test was performed on the data with hypotheses:Ho Tearless - Tearful = 0H1 μTearless - μTearful #0VIT output of the data and the re-randomisation distribution is shown below in Figure 3.DataőRe-Randomised Data0I-50.59Re-Randomisation DistributionFigure 3: VIT output from the randomisation test.562/1000 = 0.0020.5979TearfulTearless10TearfulTearless10 A study aimed to explore the influence of tears on perceived aggressiveness by using pictures of animal faceswith digitally added tears. 403 participants, recruited from different social networks and academic institutions, weresent an online survey that included a photo of a dog. The dog photo was randomly selected to either be tearlessor tearful.Picó, A., & Gadea, M. (2021). When animals cry: The effect of adding tears to animal expressions on humanjudgment. PLOS ONE, 16(5), e0251083. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251083Figure 1: The tearless dog (left) and tearful dog (right).One question in the survey asked:Rate how aggressive you find the dog on the 10-point scale below, where 0 indicates the complete absence ofaggressiveness, and 10 the highest degree of aggressiveness.Plots of Aggressiveness by Photo are shown in Figure 2.PhotoTearfulTearless0AggressivenessOOOO10

Accepted Answer

Chance acting alone:
'Chance acting alone' means that  if the unit or individuals being assigned at…

In the context of this study, chance acting alone implies that: Each respondent randomly selected the aggressiveness rating for the dog. Whether the dog image was tearful or tearless the respondent would have chosen the same aggressiveness rating. The tears had no impact on the aggressiven