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- Although physiologically distinct, aerobic chemolithotrophsand chemoorganotrophs share a number of features withrespect to the production of ATP. Discuss these commonfeatures along with reasons why the growth yield (gramsof cells per mole of substrate consumed) of achemoorganotroph respiring glucose is so much higherthan for a chemolithotroph respiring sulfurThe Reactions and Meehanisms of the Leloir Pathway Write the reactions that permit galactose to be utilized in glycolysis. Write a suitable mechanism, tor one of these reactions.Explain why rotenone inhibits oxidative phosphorylationwhen the substrate is pyruvate, but not when succinate isused
- Normal carbonic anhydrase has zinc at its active site . Suggest a structural reason why carbonicanhydrase synthesized with Ni²⁺, Fe²⁺, or Mn²⁺ in place of Zn²⁺ gives an enzyme with less catalytic efficiency.What concentration of Proinebrium is required to achieve 50% inhibition of ethylene glycol metabolism by alcohol dehydrogenase when the concentraion of ethlyene glycol in the blood is 50 uM?Explain why the use of the ATP analog below in the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase might lead to a carboxylated ATP derivative rather than the normal product oxaloacetate
- The plant toxin fluoroacetate (F-CH2COO2) is easily converted to fluorocitrate when an animal ingests the plant. The2-fluoro-3-hydroxy citrate molecule is a suicide substrate forthe enzyme aconitase. Consider the overall goal of thisenzyme (to remove the OH group from the tertiary carbonand place another OH group on a secondary carbon) andspeculate as to why the reaction to produce isocitrate does notoccur as planned. (Hint: Fluorine is more electronegativethan oxygen.)ATP, like ADP and AMP, is a competitive inhibitor of NADH binding to malate dehydrogenase. Provide a structural explanation for this inhibition.asap
- what is the key enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway also serving as the dirst enzyme of the oxidative phase of the said pathway yielding 6-phosphogluconate? do not abbreviate pleaseProliferating cells require NADPH for biosynthetic processes. Much of the NADPH is provided by the pentose phosphate pathway, but 10-formyl tetrahydrofolate is also a source of reducing power. Explain.The activity of the mammalian PDH complex is observed to decrease in mitochondria in thepresence of pyruvate when malonate is added to the preparation. How can the inhibition be relievedby addition of malate. Explain.