In 2006, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of bacteriophage preparation that can be used on ready-to-eat meat and poultry products to kill Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterium that causes listeriosis. Some people may have concerns about the use of phages in foods. From what you have learned about bacteriophages and viruses, why do you think we do not have to be concerned about the presence of bacteriophages in food?
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- How common is ABV in the USA? In the United States, over half of adults have been infected with ABV by age 40. Once ABV is in a person's body, it stays there for life and can reactivate. Match terms with descriptions based on the text above. You can use an answer more than once or not at all. "Over half of adults have been infected with ABV by age 40." ABV could belong to this group of viruses: A. Human Papilloma Viruses B. Incidence of ABV C. Herpesviruses D. Prevalence of ABV by age 40You are studying your favorite (hypothetical) bacteriophage named M277. It infects E. coli and stays dormant within the bacterial cell. How does a phage become dormant within a cell? Generally, describe the steps of infection by phage in this scenarioSelect all the following statements that are TRUE regarding viruses: □ All viruses are potentially dangerous to humans because any virus can infect any host. □ Viruses are fastidious pathogens that require complex growth media. □ Viruses are noncellular particles that take over the metabolism of a cell to generate more virus particles. □ Viruses are genomes made of RNA and DNA that lack many protein. □ Viruses can infect all other known life forms on earth, from Archaea to humans.
- An antimicrobial drug binds to the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme, preventing it from working. Which of the following is true of this drug? It would inhibit early replication steps of some viruses, but not affect normal eukaryotic cell activity. It would directly interfere with translation of some viral proteins and some eukaryotic proteins. It would block assembly/maturation steps of some viruses, and interfere with translation in eukaryotic cells. It would interfere with release of newly formed viruses from a host cell, but not affect eukaryotic cells. It would interfere with protein synthesis in bacteria, but not affect eukaryotic ribosomes. It would interfere with mRNA transcription in bacteria and viruses, but not affect eukaryotic transcription.As a general rule, viruses are not considered to be alive based on several reasons. One such reason is that some viruses use RNA as their genetic material instead of DNA. Which of the five biological themes does this violate? Briefly explain why.Which of the following highly contagious viruses is a single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus with a helical capsid and envelope and is transmitted by coming in contact with respiratory secretions? "This is a highly contagious respiratory illness transmitted when an infected person coughs or sneezes virus particles into the air," the health department said in a written statement. "It's so contagious that if one person is sick and spreading measles, nine out of 10 people around them who aren't immune will get it, too." Group of answer choices a. Measles b. Parvovirus c. Coxsackie virus A d. Rhinovirus
- Viruses are made up of the same biomolecules as cellular organisms (DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, etc.), which are synthesized through enzymatic dehydration reactions from building blocks and disassembled by enzymatic hydrolysis. They infect cells and replicate themselves using resources from the host cells. Scientists discovered a previously unknown strain of virus in the tropical Pacific Ocean and it can infect higher-order eukaryotes. Initial analysis revealed that the virus is mainly composed of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Chemical analysis after complete hydrolysis revealed the following building blocks (by weight): Chemical components Nucleosides Amino acids Lipids, phosphates, and carbohydrates Percentage by weight 20 30 50 Analysis of percentages of nucleosides yielded the following results (by molar ratio): Nucleosides A G T C U Percentage by mole 19 29 19 29 4 Which of the following events mostly involves hydrolysis reaction after the virus infects…Scientists at the SEA Phages lab were asked to find a phage that might infect a strain of M. abscessus that is infecting a young patient. Because the scientists did not have any phages known to infect M. abscessus, they first tested M. smeg phages that are also known to infect M. tuberculosis to see if they could infect this specific strain of M. abscessus. Why did they start with those phages? Select the best answer. O Phages that infect M. tuberculosis will also infect M. abscessus O The phages have already been FDA approved for use in phage therapy O Phages that infect two different hosts have a broader host range and are more likely to be able to infect a third host (such as M. abcessus) O The phages are lytic, which makes them good candidates for phage therapy O More information is known about the genomes of these phages than other phagesViruses that infect bacterial cells do not infect human cells, and viruses that infect human cells do not infect bacterial cells. Explain why this should be the case.
- Which of the statements about bacteriophage is FALSE: a) specialized transduction is a low frequency event b) may accidently package host DNA into a phage particle c) may perform specialized transduction d) only have a lytic life cycleWhat does a bacteriophage accomplish with lysogeny? O 1) it allows the bacteriophage to destroy the host cell's DNA. 2) it enables the bacteriophage to take over the cell. O 3) it speeds up the viral infection cycle. 4) it allows the bacteriophage to infect cells it would not normally infect. O 5) the genetic material of the bacteriophage can be passed on to future generations of infected cells.Arrange the following list into the correct sequence for part of the cycle of a retrovirus: 1. dsDNA integrated into host DNA 2.viral proteins synthesized on host ribosomes 3. viral DNA uses host enzymes to transcribe viral RNA 4. reverse transcriptase catalyzes synthesis of ssDNA 5. synthesis of second DNA strand (a) 5, 2, 1, 3, 4 (b) 5, 2, 3, 4, 1 (c) 4, 5, 1, 3, 2 (d) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 (e) 2, 1, 3, 4, 5