In 2005 a typhoid outbreak in Delmas, South Africa, prompted the widespread testing of food and water sources to ascertain the origin of the outbreak. However, the origin of the outbreak could not be definitively traced. In your view, what could have been the possible reasons for this state of affairs?
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In 2005 a typhoid outbreak in Delmas, South Africa, prompted the widespread testing of food and
water sources to ascertain the origin of the outbreak. However, the origin of the outbreak could
not be definitively traced. In your view, what could have been the possible reasons for this state of
affairs?
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- An outbreak of a vector borne disease along a river system in centrla Uganda has been identified, triggering a national alert. Patients present with complex neurological symptoms and flagellated parasites have been isolated from local animals. Based on the above information, what pathogen do you suspect might be the cause? And why? To control the outbreak, what treatments and interventions would be the most effective?Which of the following statements is correct? a. Serial interval is the length of time a person can transmit or shed an infectious agent b. Contamination of the drinking water source of a community by infectious agent(s) will likely result in a continuous common source epidemic c. It is not possible for people who have not shown symptoms of measles yet, to transmit measles infection d. Mary Mallon was a chronic carrier of Vibrio choleraeZika virus infection, a zoonotic disease, produced somewhat sizable outbreaks recently in certain areas of Central America, but not in the U.S (although there were some infected individuals uncovered in the U.S.). Provide two plausible explanations for this dichotomy, and explain
- Read the following two statements about C.difficile outbreaks and answer the questions given below. “Between December 2007 and May 2008 there was a C.difficile outbreak in a UK hospital, where 55 patients were infected and there were 28 mortalities.” “A relatively recent survey discovered that 41% of all reported C.difficile cases were not hospital based infections, but originated in the local community.” Two patients were admitted to the same hospital ward for the same duration of time, yet one became ill with C.difficile and the other didn’t. Relating to the host-pathogen relationship, explain how they had different outcomes.For a potentially serious disease like bubonic plague,vaccines are not routinely recommended for the generalpopulation; why not? Identify the public healthmeasures used to control plague.Read the following two statements about C.difficile outbreaks and answer the questions given below. “Between December 2007 and May 2008 there was a C.difficile outbreak in a UK hospital, where 55 patients were infected and there were 28 mortalities.” “A relatively recent survey discovered that 41% of all reported C.difficile cases were not hospital based infections, but originated in the local community.” Compare three main risk factors for MRSA and C.difficile and explain how they increase the risk of infection from these bacteria.
- The book "Spillover" by David Quammen mentions the significance of anecdotal evidence from locals who've experienced isolated outbreaks. Give an example from the book of such evidence and how it is actually valuable to scientists, even if accounts are second- or third hand. How was anecdotal evidence used to understand the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic? Give two specific examples.Observe the following maps (a)–(c) of three diseases. Determinewhich show endemic, sporadic, or epidemic pattern, and explain whatfeatures have helped you to make this decision.In July 2015, a report was released indicating the gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosawas found on hospital sinks 10 years after the initial outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. unit. aeruginosa usually causes localized ear and eye infections but can cause pneumonia or septicemia in vulnerable individuals like newborn babies. Explain how presence of this reported P. aeruginosa could lead to a recurrence of nosocomial disease. Would infection from this pathogenic species be considered a primary or opportunistic?
- On 17 August 2022, the Ministry of Health of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) reported a confirmed case of Ebola virus in the Beni district of North Kivu province. As an epidemiologist, describe the steps you would recommend to prevent further spread of the virus in the local area,as well as to neighboring countries.Given this research scenario kindly construct a research framework. A group of student researchers would like to know a prevalence of intestinal parasites such as Ascaris lumbricoides and Ancylostoma duodenale among Grade 3 pupils of a Elementary school. They also want to know if sanitary practices of the school is a factor to this prevalence.How can the knowledge that we gained from the Zika and Ebola outbreaks be applied to this current pandemic? Do you see any similarities? Any differences?