Hiw: show that Let x be a e dge of Connected graph G. The following statements are equivalent. () X is a bridge of G (2) X is not on any eyc le of G ® There exist vertices u andvofG such the edgex is on every path joning u and V O There exists a partition of v into su bsets ų and W such that for any verticesUEU and w the edge x ison every path joining u and w
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- We are given an undirected connected graph G = (V, E) and vertices s and t.Initially, there is a robot at position s and we want to move this robot to position t by moving it along theedges of the graph; at any time step, we can move the robot to one of the neighboring vertices and the robotwill reach that vertex in the next time step.However, we have a problem: at every time step, a subset of vertices of this graph undergo maintenance andif the robot is on one of these vertices at this time step, it will be destroyed (!). Luckily, we are given theschedule of the maintenance for the next T time steps in an array M [1 : T ], where each M [i] is a linked-listof the vertices that undergo maintenance at time step i.Design an algorithm that finds a route for the robot to go from s to t in at most T seconds so that at notime i, the robot is on one of the maintained vertices, or output that this is not possible. The runtime ofyour algorithm should ideally be O((n + m) ·T ) but you will…1. Prove that if v1 and v2 are distinct vertices of a graph G = (V,E) and a path exists in G from v1 to v2 , then there is a simple path in G from v1 to v2 .A graph is biconnected if every pair of vertices is connectedby two disjoint paths. An articulation point in a connected graph is a vertex that woulddisconnect the graph if it (and its adjacent edges) were removed. Prove that any graphwith no articulation points is biconnected. Hint : Given a pair of vertices s and t and apath connecting them, use the fact that none of the vertices on the path are articulationpoints to construct two disjoint paths connecting s and t.
- 3) The graph k-coloring problem is stated as follows: Given an undirected graph G = (V,E) with N vertices and M edges and an integer k. Assign to each vertex v in Va color c(v) such that 1< c(v)Let G be a graph. We say that a set of vertices C form a vertex cover if every edge of G is incident to at least one vertex in C. We say that a set of vertices I form an independent set if no edge in G connects two vertices from I. For example, if G is the graph above, C = [b, d, e, f, g, h, j] is a vertex cover since each of the 20 edges in the graph has at least one endpoint in C, and I = = [a, c, i, k] is an independent set because none of these edges appear in the graph: ac, ai, ak, ci, ck, ik. 2a In the example above, notice that each vertex belongs to the vertex cover C or the independent set I. Do you think that this is a coincidence? 2b In the above graph, clearly explain why the maximum size of an independent set is 5. In other words, carefully explain why there does not exist an independent set with 6 or more vertices.Question 1 Let S be a subset of vertices in G, and let C be the complement graph of G (where uv is an edge in C if and only if uv is not an edge in G).Prove that for any subset of vertices S, S is a vertex cover in G if and only if V\S is a clique in C.Note: this is an if and only if proof, i.e. you need to show both directions for full credit. Question 2 Part 4.1 implies the following result (which you may use without proof): G has a vertex cover of size at most k if and only if the complement of G has a clique of size at least n−k.Use this fact to give a reduction from VertexCover to Clique. Your solution should have the following two steps:i) First, show the reduction: specify how the inputs to VertexCover, G and k, can be transformed to a valid input pair, H and l, for Clique. Make sure to explain why this takes polynomial time.ii) Second, show that the answer to Clique(H,l) can be converted to the answer of VertexCover(G,k). One possibility is to explain how a YES answer to…In Computer Science a Graph is represented using an adjacency matrix. Ismatrix is a square matrix whose dimension is the total number of vertices.The following example shows the graphical representation of a graph with 5 vertices, its matrixof adjacency, degree of entry and exit of each vertex, that is, the total number ofarrows that enter or leave each vertex (verify in the image) and the loops of the graph, that issay the vertices that connect with themselvesTo program it, use Object Oriented Programming concepts (Classes, objects, attributes, methods), it can be in Java or in Python.-Declare a constant V with value 5-Declare a variable called Graph that is a VxV matrix of integers-Define a MENU procedure with the following textGRAPHS1. Create Graph2.Show Graph3. Adjacency between pairs4.Input degree5.Output degree6.Loops0.exit-Validate MENU so that it receives only valid options (from 0 to 6), otherwise send an error message and repeat the reading-Make the MENU call in the main…Part 2: Random GraphsA tournament T is a complete graph whose edges are all oriented. Given a completegraph on n vertices Kn, we can generate a random tournament by orienting each edgewith probability 12 in each direction.Recall that a Hamiltonian path is a path that visits every vertex exactly once. AHamiltonian path in a directed graph is a path that follows the orientations of thedirected edges (arcs) and visits every vertex exactly once. Some directed graphs havemany Hamiltonian paths.In this part, we give a probabilistic proof of the following theorem:Theorem 1. There is a tournament on n vertices with at least n!2n−1 Hamiltonian paths.For the set up, we will consider a complete graph Kn on n vertices and randomlyorient the edges as described above. A permutation i1i2 ...in of 1,2,...,n representsthe path i1 −i2 −···−in in Kn. We can make the path oriented by flipping a coin andorienting each edge left or right: i1 ←i2 →i3 ←···→in.(a) How many permutations of the vertices…Every set of vertices in a graph is biconnected if they are connected by two disjoint paths. In a connected graph, an articulation point is a vertex that would disconnect the graph if it (and its neighbouring edges) were removed. Demonstrate that any graph that lacks articulation points is biconnected. Given two vertices s and t and a path connecting them, use the knowledge that none of the vertices on the path are articulation points to create two disjoint paths connecting s and t.The minimum vertex cover problem is stated as follows: Given an undirected graph G = (V, E) with N vertices and M edges. Find a minimal size subset of vertices X from V such that every edge (u, v) in E is incident on at least one vertex in X. In other words you want to find a minimal subset of vertices that together touch all the edges. For example, the set of vertices X = {a,c} constitutes a minimum vertex cover for the following graph: a---b---c---g d e Formulate the minimum vertex cover problem as a Genetic Algorithm or another form of evolutionary optimization. You may use binary representation, OR any repre- sentation that you think is more appropriate. you should specify: • A fitness function. Give 3 examples of individuals and their fitness values if you are solving the above example. • A set of mutation and/or crossover and/or repair operators. Intelligent operators that are suitable for this particular domain will earn more credit. • A termination criterion for the…Advanced Physics Chegg experts gave the wrong answer the last time I asked this, so I am asking it again. Please only answer if you know how to solve the problem! Consider a directed graph G = (V, E) having a source vertex s and sink vertex t. Suppose that it has positive integer edge capacities c_e for all edges in the graph. Also suppose that is has a flow f = {f(e)} for all edges in the graph. We consider an edge to be saturated if f(e) = c_e. Suppose that f is a maximum s-t flow. Let S represent the set of all saturated edges. Consider the minimum total capacity of any given s-t cut. Will it be equal to the total capacity of S? If true, please provide a proof. Otherwise, if it is false, give a counterexample.3) The graph k-coloring problem is stated as follows: Given an undirected graph G= (V,E) with N vertices and M edges and an integer k. Assign to each vertex v in V a color c(v) such that 1SEE MORE QUESTIONSRecommended textbooks for youDatabase System ConceptsComputer ScienceISBN:9780078022159Author:Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. 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