Given that the data connection layer is capable of detecting mistakes between hops, why do you believe that we need an additional checking mechanism at the transport layer?
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Given that the data connection layer is capable of detecting mistakes between hops, why do you believe that we need an additional checking
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- It is obvious that a router or a switch needs to do searching to find information in the corresponding table. The searching in a routing table for a datagram network is based on the destination address; the searching in a switching table in a virtual circuit network is based on the combination of incoming port and incoming VCI. Explain the reason and define how these tables must be ordered (sorted) based on these values.Why, in your opinion, do we need more checking techniques at the transport layer when the data connection layer is capable of detecting errors between hops?Data collision is caused when many senders access the media at the same time; in order to avoid this, what protocol(s) are available, and at what layer(s) do they operate? Are these protocols able to provide a transport that is free of collisions? In the event that this is not the case, what other potential solutions are available for fixing the issue?
- In what ways has the layer 2 protocol of the router been shown to be flawed? What do you think the repercussions of this revelation will be? Why does an ICMP request that was issued by a PPP-encapsulated router continue to work after the subnet of the serial interface been changed?Explain the protocol's route across each OSI layer.Assume that a reliable delivery of data from a machine M1 to another machine M2 is provided through many intermediate machines. All the intermediate links of these machines are not prone to error such as that in the case of present day wired networks. What layer or layers (transport, network, or data link layer) one will choose to provide reliability? What layer or layers one will choose to not provide reliability? Justify with explanation for both affirmative and negative selections.
- Why do you believe we need additional checking method at the transport layer if the data connection layer can identify mistakes between hops?The minimum number of columns in a datagram network is two; the minimum number of columns in a virtual-circuit network is four. Can you explain the reason? Is the difference related to the type of addresses carried in the packets of each network?Which issues with the router's layer 2 protocol have been found up to this point? In what ways does this new information have an impact? Why does the ICMP request of a PPP-encapsulated router continue to function after the subnet of the serial interface has been changed?
- Question Two a) Explain the ARP protocol to a friend. In that explanation, mention what layer it operates at and the kind of service it provides to the layer above it. b) Having ARP table entries time out after 10 to 15 minutes is an attempt at a reasonable compromise. Describe the problems that can occur if the timeout value is too small or too large. c) IEEE defines two sublayers at Layer 2, discuss the purpose of each. d) How does a computer attached to a shared LAN decide whether to accept a packet? e) Expand the acronym CSMA/CD, explaining each part and why CSMA/CD uses a random delay? f) Explain why cllision is an issue in a random-access protocol but not in reservation or channel partitioning protocols. Page 2 of 5 Р. Т.ОProblem 3 Consider the problem of deciding whether to implement a virtual- circuit or a datagram network. Assume a network protocol that allows the system to operate as either a virtual circuit network or a datagram network. That is, its packet header format is specified such that it incorporates both a VCI (Virtual Circuit Identifier) and an arbitrary source/destination addresses. When operating as a virtual circuit, it requires a 4-byte header. When operating as a datagram network, it requires a 40-byte header. Assume that there are 4 hops from source to destination, and that a set up or tear down request packet is 80 bytes (including the header). The total message length is 4096 bytes, the data rate is 9600 bps on all links and the packet size is 256 bytes (including the header). i) If we operate in the datagram mode, how long does it take for the first packet to reach the destination? If we operate in virtual-circuit mode, how long does it take for the first packet to reach the…The minimum number of columns in a datagram network is two; the minimumnumber of columns in a virtual-circuit network is four. Can you explain thereason? Is the difference related to the type of addresses carried in the packetsof each network?