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- Trace the biochemical electrical pathways that result in cardiac conduction.In a cardiac contractile cell what is the mechanism involved in the change in membrane potential? Depolarization: P wave Repolarization: QRS Complex, Hyperpolarization: T wave Pacemaker: K+ and Na+ flow, Depolarization: Pca rises Repolarization: Pk rises Depolarization: Pna increases, Peak: Na channels close, Plateau: Calcium channels close & Potassium channels open, Repolarization Potassium flows out & Calcium flows in Pacemaker: K+ and Na+ flow, Depolarization: Pca rises Repolarization: Pk rises, 4. If channels close Depolarization: Pna increases, Peak: Na channels close, Plateau: Calcium channels open & Potassium channels close, Repolarization Potassium flows out & Calcium flows outWhy is the cardiac action potential propagated more slowly in an AV node cell then in an atrial or ventricular myocyte? How can be AV conduction affected by hypokalemia? Briefly explain the mechanism by which the most popular beta-blocker metoprolol would affect cardiac muscle contractility and blood flow. How it affects heart rate and conduction?
- Give a detailed mechanism of action of a name drug or agonist that results in positive inotropic changes in the cardiac cell.If all plasma membrane Ca21 channels in contractile cardiac muscle cells were blocked with a drug, what would happen to the muscle’s action potentials and contraction?Consider the ventricular cardiomyocyte action potential shown below: a) Which phase of the cardiac myocyte action potential would be most significantly affected by the L-type calcium channel blocker nifedipine? b) Draw the predicted effects of nifedipine on the cardiac myocyte action potential.
- In a standard EPS, briefly explain what is the difference between “pacing after sensing” and “fixed pacing”; in the study of inducibility to ventricular tachycardia (VT)?Discuss the events in an action potential that are generated in cardiac contractile cells.Explain the major mechanisms involved in regulation of cardiac performance.