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describe the mechanisms responsible for the medullary osmotic gradient
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- Differentiate transport maxima and gradient-time limited transport in proximal tubule.Describe the countercurrent exchange system that maintains the concentration gradient.Explain how the capacity (function) of the sodium potassium pumps found in the ascending loop of Henle enable the establishment of the medullary concentration gradient.
- Using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation, determine what happens to the resting membrane potential if the ECF K+ concentration doubles to 10 mM.What two mechanisms are triggered by an increase in theosmolality of the extracellular fluid?Mention the difference between overhydration, dehydration, and imbalane of osmotic fluid. Atleast 2 difference.