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R6Fragmentation of an IP datagram takes place if its size is larger than the MTU of the subnet over which the datagram will be routed. Most IP datagram reassembly
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- Most IP datagram reassembly algorithms have a timer to avoid having a lost fragment tie up reassembly buffers forever. Suppose that a datagram is fragmented into four fragments. The first three fragments arrive, but the last one is delayed. Eventually, the timer goes off and the three fragments in the receiver's memory are discarded. A little later, the last fragment stumbles in. What should be done with it?Consider a client connecting to a web server via a router as shown in Fig.Q2. Client A sends a request to the server to retrieve a 7.5 Mbytes file. Given that the segment size is 50 Kbytes, the round trip time (RTT) between the server and client is 10 ms, the initial slow-start threshold is 16 and the client's buffer always has a storage space of 1 Mbytes. Assume that TCP Reno is used, there is no loss during transmission and the headers of protocols are ignored. 400 Mbps 200 Mbps 400 Mbps Link a Link b Link c Client Web Server Fig.Q2 (a) Describe how the value of sending window changes as a function of time (in units of RTT) during the whole connection time. 2.For NAT Network Address Translation Scenario: Jenny Bello is a small business owner selling and making customized computer peripherals. She has been finding it difficult to track her sales and inventories, however recently after an expert's advice, she adopted a Point of Sale (PoS) server. So, she can now track her sales and inventories at the store. However, she ran into another issue, the server can only be accessed within the store, because it has been assigned a private IPv4 address, it is not publicly accessible via the Internet. a) Why is not having the PoS server accessible over the Internet a problem for the business? b) What caused this problem? c) Propose a solution for the problem and explain how the solution works.
- b) Consider a scenario where fragmentation may take place in packet transfer. Discuss how such fragmentation may be reassembled at the destination. Now consider in such scenario, a datagram is fragmented into five fragments. The first four fragments arrive, but the last one is delayed. Eventually, the timer goes off and the four fragments in the receiver’s memory are discarded. A little later, the last fragment arrives. What should be done with it?Consider the following scenario in which host A is sending a file to host B over a TCP connection. Assuming that the sequence number of the first data byte sent by A is 0 and every segment always includes 1000 bytes of data, excluding the TCP header. At some point of time, bytes up to 6400 have been written into the sender’s buffer. Bytes up to 4999 have been sent out but the segment which contains bytes 2000~2999 has not arrived at host B yet. At the receiver’s side, all bytes up to 3999 have been received except for bytes 2000~2999. Bytes up to 499 have been read from the buffer by the application. Assume that the maximum size of the sender’s buffer is large enough. Consider the sliding window algorithm in TCP and answer the following questions. 1) What are the values for LastByteAcked, LastByteSent, and LastByteWritten? 2) What are the values for LastByteRead, NextByteExpected, and LastByteRcvd? 3) Assuming that the maximum size of the receiver’s buffer is 4000 byte, what would…Consider an IP packet with a length of 4,500bytes that includes a 20-byteIPv4 header ans 40-byte TCP header. The packet is forwarded to an IPv4 router that supports a Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) of 600bytes. Assume that the length of the IP header in all the outgoing fragments of this packet is 20bytes. Assume that the fragmentation offset value stored in the first fragment is 0. The fragmentation offset value stored in the third fragment is
- 7.1 In IEEE 802.11, open system authentication is accomplished via a simple two-way communication. The client requests authentication, which includes the station ID, which is provided by the server (typically the MAC address). A successful or unsuccessful authentication response from the AP/router is received in response to the previous request from the client. For instance, if the client's MAC address has been expressly omitted from the AP/router setup, a failure may occur.a. What are the advantages of using this kind of authentication scheme?b. What are the security flaws in this authentication method and how may they be mitigated?In IPV4, consider sending a 4,000 byte datagram (20 bytes of IP header) into a link that has an MTU of 1,500 bytes. The datagram will be allocated to fragments, and the offset value of the third segment is 3, 370 3, 185 4, 185 4, 370Suppose an extension of TCP allows window size much larger than 64 KB. Assume the extended TCP runs over a 100-Mbps link with RTT 100 ms, segment size is 1 KB, and receiving window size is 1 MB. How long does it take to send a 200 KB file?
- TCP sessions are full-duplex, which means that data can be sent in either direction during the lifetime of the session. Consider a session in which the connection is established, the client sends 100 data segments, all of them are ACKed, and all of the ACKS are received by the sender, then the session is ended by both sides closing the connect. How many segments in total have the SYN bit of the header set to 1? а. 209 O b. 2 6 с. d. 4 О е. 1Which of the following instructions falls in the category of data transfer instructions? JUMP LOAD ROTATE ANDIn a TCP data packet, if the sequence number has the value 001111, ACK number has the value 010110 and the urgent pointer has the value 001100 assuming that URG flag is set. What is the last urgent byte in the data section of the packet? All numbers are in binary.