Compare and contrast Pyruvate Dehydrogenase with a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Outline the mechanisms of both enzymes. Discuss the functions of the coenzymes. List the similarities and the differences between the 2 enzymes. Both are very large membrane bound complexes. What are the advantages of this strategy? How detailed is the enzyme structure known below(It's Pyruvate Dehydrogenase )? What insight(s) does this structural detail give you about the enzyme mechanism.
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Compare and contrast Pyruvate Dehydrogenase with a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Outline the mechanisms of both enzymes. Discuss the functions of the coenzymes. List the similarities and the
differences between the 2 enzymes. Both are very large membrane bound complexes. What are the advantages
of this strategy?
How detailed is the enzyme structure known below(It's Pyruvate Dehydrogenase )? What insight(s) does this structural detail give you about the enzyme mechanism.
Enzymes are essential for the functioning of living cells and play a crucial role in maintaining health and preventing disease. Any changes in the normal functioning of enzymes can result in cellular dysfunction and disease. Understanding enzymes and how they work is a key area of study in biochemistry and is important for developing treatments for a variety of diseases
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- Acid phosphatases are an important group of enzymes that can be detected in human bloodserum. Under slightly acidic conditions (pH 5.0), this group of enzymes can hydrolyzebiological phosphate esters as follows:R-O-P-O3-2 + H2O -----> R-OH + HO-P-O3-2Acid phosphatases are produced and can be detected in erythrocytes, kidney, spleen, the liver,and prostrate gland. The enzyme from the prostrate gland is clinically important because anincreased activity in the blood is frequently an indication of cancer of the prostrate gland.Tartrate ion can strongly inhibit the phosphatase from the prostrate gland, but not acidphosphatases from other tissues. How can you use the information above to develop a specific procedure for measuring the activity of the acid phosphatase of the prostrate gland in humanblood serum?10 ATP/Acetyl-CoA * 2 acetyl-CoA = 20 ATP 1 GTP/ Acetyl-CoA * 2 acetyl-CoA = 2 GTP 1,5 ATP/ FADH2 * 1 FADH2= 1,5 ATP 2,5 ATP/ NADH * 3 NADH = 7,5 ATP 7,5 + 1,5 + 20 = 29 ATP och 2 GTP All of this is round off, how to calculate without rounding off? 2-Acetyl-CoA and 15 subunitsWhat is the purpose of carnitine acyltransferase II? O formation of a fatty acyl-CoA molecule in the mitochondrial matrix after transport of a long chain acylcarnitine molecule from the cytosol O formation of an acylcarnitine molecule from an acyl-CoA molecule in the cytosol prior to transport across the mitochondrial membrane O transport of an acylcarnitine molecule from the inner membrane space to the mitochondrial matrix O emulsification of long chain fatty acids prior to uptake by intestinal epithelial cells
- Why is it important that the hexokinase reaction have a large negative deltaG? Would the cell be able to generate/store energy if the deltaG were close to zero? The GAPDH reaction uses an active site cysteine to catalyze the reaction. How would replacing the cysteine by serine affect the reaction? Why do kinases require magnesium to function well?The enzyme that catalyzes reaction below can be classified as: CoO COO NAD+ NADH + H* Но- | malate -C- H-Ć- dehydrogenase Охaloacetate Malate isomerase lyase hydrolase oxidoreductase ligase transferaseBelow is an image of the Krebs cycle: acetyl-CoA oxaloacetate COASH H20 NADH NAD* H20 malate citrate fumarate isocitrate FADH2 NAD* CO2 FAD АТР NADH + ADP succinate GTP NAD+ a-ketoglutarate H20 GDP NADH + CO2 COASH succinyl CoA COASH Consider the conversion of succinate to fumarate, which is coupled with the production the electron carrier FADH2. If this reaction was NOT coupled with the production of FADH2 (and only catalyzed the conversion of succinate to fumarate), how would this impact ATP production through cell respiration? OATP production would stop because no high energy electron carriers would be produced ATP production would still occur, but there would be a much lower ATP yield because a large number of electron carriers are no longer being made ATP production would stop because without FADH2 we will no longer have electrons moving through the electron transport chain ATP production would still occur, but there would be a slightly lower ATP yield because a small number of…
- Handwritten Identify the molecule names, enzyme name, enzyme classification and change in reaction(for glycolysis pathway)Incubation of the norsolinic acid synthase holo-ACP with malonyl CoA gave malonyl-S-ACP (molecular weight 10112 Da). (ACP SH holo-ACP Malonyl-SNAC Calculate the molecular weight of holo-ACP. (ACP OH malonyl-S-ACP MW = 10112In angiogenic endothelial cells, pyruvate is converted to lactate (generating 2 ATP per glucose) rather than being completely oxidized (which would generate ~32 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation). Explain why angiogenic cells generate ATP anaerobically.
- How much ATP is produced from the complete B-Oxidation of myristic acid (C14H2802)? Activation of Fatty Acid ACCOA x (10 ATP/ACCOA) FADH₂ x (1.5 ATP/FADH₂) = NADH x (2.5 ATP/NADH) : = = -2 ATP ATP ATP ATP TOTAL ATP C18 CH, (CH₂)₁4-CH₂-CH₂-C-S-COA || FAD →FADH₂ CH₂(CH₂)₁4-CH=CH-C-S-CoA Each loop of the pathway represents a repetition of Steps 1-4. H₂O OH CH₂(CH₂)₁4-CH-CH₂-C-S-CoA || - NAD+ →→NADH+ H 0 CH3-(CH₂) 14 C-CH₂-C-S-CoA 0 || C16 CH₂(CH₂)14-C-S-CoA COA-SH Acyl CoA trans-Enoyl COA L-B-Hydroxyacyl CoA B-Ketoacyl COA H₁-C-S- + CH₂-C-S-CoA Acetyl CoA New acyl COA C₁4+ Acetyl CoA C12+ Acetyl CoA CO+ Acetyl CoA Cg+ Acetyl CoA C + Acetyl COA C₁ + Acetyl COA 2 Acetyl COAWhich of the following most accurately describes the impact acetyl-CoA has in the cytosol of the liver cell? Acetyl CoA serves as an allosteric inhibitor of PFK Acetyl CoA serves as an allosteric inhibitor of pyruvate kinase Acetyl CoA serves as an allosteric activator of PFK Acetyl CoA serves as an allosteric activator of pyruvate kinase Acetyl CoA serves as an allosteric activator of fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase Acetyl CoA serves as an allosteric activator of PFK-2asap