Chemical signals Both autocrine and paracrine signaling molecules are carried by the blood to a distant target. Hormones (such as insulin & glucagon) are released directly into extracellular fluid and then enter the circulatory system, which carries them to a distant target. Neurohormones are paracrine signaling molecules that travel exclusively in interstitial fluid to reach their target.

Chemical signals Both autocrine and paracrine signaling molecules are carried by the blood to a distant target. Hormones (such as insulin & glucagon) are released directly into extracellular fluid and then enter the circulatory system, which carries them to a distant target. Neurohormones are paracrine signaling molecules that travel exclusively in interstitial fluid to reach their target.

Human Biology (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305112100

Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan

Chapter15: The Endocrine System

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2RQ: A hormone molecule binds to a receptor on a cell membrane. It doesnt enter the cell; rather, the...

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Which of the following is TRUE regarding different modes of chemical communication? a endocrine signaling can only be used to communicate with cells of the same tissue b neurohormone signaling would have a shorter duration than autocrine c neural signaling would be longer lasting than neurohormone d neural signaling would be faster than neurohormone e paracrine signaling requires a link to the blood supply
Describe one way in which endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and contact-dependent signaling pathways are similar to one another and one way in which they are different from one another.
When a signaling molecule binds to a receptor located in the cell membrane, the signal / information is carried further into the cell via the receptor. The signal / information will lead to some type of change inside in cells in response to the signal it received. What this change is depends on the type of signaling molecule that binds to the cell (but may also depend on the type of cell that the signaling molecule binds to). In some cases, the change that takes place in the cell will be rapid and take a few seconds off that the signaling molecule binds to the receptor until the change takes place (fast signaling pathway). In some cases the change will take much longer, perhaps several hours from the time the signaling molecule binds to the receptor until the change occurs in the cell (slow signaling pathway). Explain how the signal path would be be able to look when it is fast and what it could look like when it is slow.
The secondary messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) is involved in many different signaling pathways, including the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway. Which of the following describes an advantage of using cAMP as a secondary messenger in cell signaling? It conserves energy because cAMP can be converted to ATP. It increases signaling specificity because protein kinase A, the direct effector of cAMP, has few substrates. It prolongs the signal because cAMP is chemically stable and persists for a long time after ligand dissociation. It amplifies the signal because one molecule of activated adenylyl cyclase can produce many molecules of cAMP.
Proteases are enzymes that destroy proteins. Application of these enzymes to an intact cell strips the proteins off the cell surface. If a specific signaling molecule is added to cells stripped of surface proteins and the cell still responds, what must be true of the signaling pathway? The receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel. The signaling molecule doesn't need a receptor. The signal can directly activate the second messenger system and does not need to activate the receptor. The receptor for this signal is inside the cell, and the signaling molecule is nonpolar and can diffuse into the cell.
Compare and contrast signaling events in the nervous vs. endocrine systems. How does a “message” get from the original neuron or endocrine gland to the target? How does the signal get transduced into something the target cell can respond to? Be sure to include a description of the signaling molecules and cellular receptors involved in each of these systems.
Which of the following is incorrect about the G protein signaling pathways? a. The binding of the ligand to the receptor activates the G protein b. The G protein-coupled receptors are known as 7TM receptors Oc. They involve the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) Od. The G protein activates a kinase that catalyzes the formation of ATP
When a cell secretes a growth factor that binds to receptors on neighboring cells of different type causing them to proliferate this is an example of endocrine signaling O autocrine signaling O direct intercellular signaling O paracrine signaling O contact-dependent signaling
What is the principal difference of endocrine system from other signaling systems? Select one: A. Endocrine signals diffuse to neighboring target cells. B. Endocrine signals produce self-activation of the secreting cells. C. Endocrine system uses cell-cell contact to transduce signals. D. Endocrine signals are delivered by blood. E. Endocrine signals always generate faster responses in target cells.
A cell within organ A expresses a protein that is secreted from the cell and travels through the organism’s blood stream to a cell on a distant organ B. The protein binds to a receptor protein on the cell surface of organ B and activates an intracellular signaling pathway resulting in altered gene expression patterns in the cells. What form of intercellular signaling does this represent? Contact-dependent? Paracrine? Synaptic? Endocrine? Autocrine?
The figure below shows a signaling pathway activated by the bindiıng of adrehalMNe LU the beta-adrenergic receptor. Binding of adrenaline to the receptor causes GTP-binding and activation of G proteins. Active GTP-bound G protein activates adenylate cyclase to initiate a signaling cascade that affects cellular responses, and includes cellular changes to mediate increased heart rate and accounts for the flight-or-fight response. activated adenylate cyclase adrenaline activated B-adrenergic receptor adenylate cyclase G protein subunit 22 GTP SDP conformational ATP CAMP change in receptor heterotrimeric G protein ACAMP inactive protein kinase A active protein kinase A 4 cellular responses Consider the homozygous mutation in which a cell produces a variant of adenylate cyclase that can no longer be activated Which of the following are true in this cell? Select all that apply. Heart rate increases Protein Kinase A is not activated CAMP levels are lower than normal Heart rate decreases
Which of the following steps amplify the epinephrine signal response in cells: receptor activation of G protein, G protein activation of adenylyl cyclase, cAMP activation of PKA, or PKA phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase kinase (GPK)? Which change will have a greater effect on signal amplification: an increase in the number of epinephrine receptors or an increase in the number of Gαs proteins?

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	Both autocrine and paracrine signaling molecules are carried by the blood to a distant target.
	Hormones (such as insulin & glucagon) are released directly into extracellular fluid and then enter the circulatory system, which carries them to a distant target.
	Neurohormones are paracrine signaling molecules that travel exclusively in interstitial fluid to reach their target.