Blood vessels travel in parallel to provide fresh blood to all tissue. However, one of the exceptions is the two capillary beds of the kidneys located in series. Blood flow occurs as follows: afferent arteriole- glomerulus- efferent arteriole - the peritubular capillaries. How does this series of blood flow benefit the kidneys and homeostasis?
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- What is the difference between the glomerular capillaries and the peritubular capillaries? How do these relate to afferent and efferent arterioles? Why do the efferent arterioles have oxygenated blood? (The answer isn’t “they are called arterioles, therefore they have oxygenated blood.)The fluids deep in the medulla of the kidney have a much highersolute concentration than those in the cortex. Where do the solutes inthe medulla come from? What is the role of that high soluteconcentration in the functioning of the nephron loop?Map the flow of blood into and out of the kidney. Listwhich structures carry oxygenated blood and whichcarry deoxygenated blood. In addition, list the structuresresponsible for gas exchange and reabsorption of materialsfrom the filtrate
- When researchers first proposed the countercurrentmultiplication hypothesis for concentration of urine in themammalian kidney, there was great resistance to its acceptancein certain quarters. The anatomist Ivar Sperber, whosecomparative morphological studies originally helped drawattention to the loops of Henle, pointed out that there werecertain rodents in which the anatomy of the kidney should makeit relatively simple to sample blood from the hairpin bends ofthe vasa recta deep in the medulla. Samples of such blood wereobtained, and the osmotic pressure of this blood proved to befar higher than the osmotic pressure of blood in the generalcirculation. This research convinced doubters of the validity ofthe countercurrent multiplication process. Why does blood at thehairpin bends of the vasa recta have a high osmotic pressure, andwhy would knowing its osmotic pressure in the cases describedprovide strong support for the countercurrent multiplicationhypothesis?Drugs that increase urine flow (diuretic drugs) are oftenemployed in the treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure)or other disease states. Three physiological categories of suchdrugs are ones that (i) function as loop diuretics, (ii) inhibitthe action of aldosterone, and (iii) block Na+ channels in thecollecting ducts. Explain why each of these categories wouldbe expected to increase Na+ excretion and urine flow. (Hint:Rereading the section on hormones at the end of Chapter 28might prove helpful.)Which of the following is NOT true about the kidneys? The afferent arteriole brings blood into the glomerular capillary OThe efferent arteriole carries blood out of the glomerulus O The peritubular capillaries run along the outside of the tubules O The glomerular capillary contains fenestrations All of the above are true
- Which of the following statements concerning the medullary verticle osmotic gradient is TRUE: W. The loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons establish a medullary osmotic gradient by means of countercurrent multiplicationX. The vasa recta enable the medulla to be supplied with blood while conserving the medullary osmotic gradient Y. The medullary osmotic gradient permits excretion of urine of differing concentrationsZ. The collecting tubules of all nephrons descend through the medullary osmotic gradient before emptying into the renal pelvis Select one: a. if only W, X and Y are correct b. if only W and Y are correct c. if only X and Z are correct d. if only Z is correct e. if all are correctDescribe the connective tissue coverings that surround thekidney, from internal to external. Why are these coveringsespecially important to kidney structure and function?For this SECTION (#9) Decide how the following conditions would affect the physiology of the Uinary System ADH causes the osmolarity of urine to O Increase O Decrease O Stay the same As filtrate travels from the capsular space to the loop of Henle, its glucose content will O Increase Decrease Stay the same
- Match correct function with regions of the nephron. Region of Nephron Function V Filtration of blood to make filtrate. Mainly selective tubular reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, Na then CI, H,0 follows by v osmosis. Reabsorption of bicarbonate. Also tubular secretion of NH, and H; tubular secretion of drugs (e.g. penicillin). v To create and maintain the concentration gradient across the medulla. v Impermeable to NaCl, permeable to H,0. Water leaves filtrate (in response to concentration of surrounding interstitial fluid) as it descends making the filtrate more concentrated. v Impermeable to H,0, Na is pumped out of the tubule, (CI follows) so filtrate becomes less concentrated as it ascends. H2O reabsorption depending on ADH. Tubular secretion of NH", K and H depending on need. Reabsorption or secretion of bicarbonate depending on need. Loop of Henle (descending limb) V Reabsorption of H2O depending on levels of ADH. Loop of Henle (descending limb) Loop of Henle (as a unit) Loop…Water leaves the renal tubule bya. active transport. d. facilitated diffusion.b. filtration into the capillary network. e. symport.c. osmosis.Under circumstances of having low blood pressure , how does the sympathetic nervous system decrease glomerular filtration rate ? stimulates constriction of the efferent arteriole only stimulates relaxation of the mesangial cells stimulates secretion of erythropoietin stimulates constriction of both the afferent and efferent arterioles