At high energy charge (ATP/AMP ratio) AND low blood glucose levels a. Pyruvate is converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis b. Glycolysis is activated c. Fatty acids are converted to Acetyl-coA d. Gluconeogenesis is inhibited
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- Which of the following is NOT a fate of pyruvate in metabolism? .. Conversion to alanine as its storage form or for use by peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscles. Conversion to acetyl CoA for complete oxidation in the TCA cycle. Conversion to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis Conversion to lactate in a completely anaerobic process. L. Conversion to phophoenolpyruvate for the synthesis of glucose:Acetyl CoA produced from pyruvate occurs in the cytosol. not depends on the coenzyme biotin. is activated when pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH, E1) of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is phosphorylated by PDH kinase in the presence of ATP. involves the participation of lipoic acid. all of the above is reversible.Assume that glycolysis is completely inhibited and thus glucose cannot be converted topyruvate. Which of the following statements is true?A. Levels of acetyl-CoA decrease in the liverB. Levels of oxaloacetate increase in the liverC. Both liver and brain primarily use b-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate as energy sourceD. None of the above
- Which of the following is TRUE? O Both AMP and ADP are negative regulators of glycogenolysis. ATP shifts the curve of glycogen phosphorylase to the left. O Citrate binds covalently to acetyl CoA carboxylase. Phosphofructokinase-1 is an allosterically regulated enzyme in glycolysis. The carnitine shuttle is positively regulated by Malonyl CoA.Regulation of fatty acid metabolism is shown by the following strategies. Which statement is NOT true? Degradation and oxidation of fatty acids occur in the tochondria while fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm. Reducing power is supplied by NADPH in the cytoplasm Acetyl CoA is produced in the mitochondria, which is not permeable to this metabolite and requires an elaborate mechanism for transport.D. ATP is required in fatty acid synthesis but not in its breakdown, which produces it. ATP is required in fatty acid synthesis but not in its breakdown, which produces it. Enzymes found in the cytosol catalyzes fatty acid synthesis, while enzymes localized in the mitochondrial matrix catalyzes oxidation.Elevated levels of acetyl-CoA will act as an effector for which of the following enzymes? Pyruvate carboxylase. Pyruvate kinase Pyruvate dehydrogenase. Citrate synthase a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
- Identify the stage of catabolism where the following processes occur: a. Hydrolysis of triacylglycerol with lipaseb. Oxidation of fatty acid to acetyl CoAc. Conversion of ADP to ATP with ATP synthased. Reaction of oxygen with protons and electrons to form watere. Cleavage of a protein with chymotrypsinOrder the steps (from 1-16) by which a person can generate ATP from dietary fat. ATP synthesis coupled to the movement of protons down the proton concentration gradient occurs. NADH and FADH2 electrons are transferred to O2 Acetyl-CoA are degraded to GTP, NADH and FADH2 in citric acid cycle. Fatty acids are degraded to acetyl-CoA, NADH…Elevated levels of acetyl-CoA will act as an effector for which of the following enzymes? more than one can be correct Pyruvate carboxylase. Pyruvate kinase Pyruvate dehydrogenase. Citrate synthase a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
- Regulation of the utilization of important nutritional and energy sources is effected by the following strategies in metabolism EXCEPT During the absorptive stage, when nutrients are plentiful, storage pathways such as lipogenesis and glycogenesis are very active B. During the post absorptive stage, the liver does not use dietary glucose Increased acetyl CoA due to the breakdown of fats will activate the gluconeogenic and ketogenic pathways. Ketone bodies and glucose provides the only sources of energy for the brain Activation and deactivation of enzymes are mediated in most cases by increasing or decreasing the concentration of allosteric effectors.What type of regulation would be expected when anaerobic metabolism is occurring in the muscle? Select all that apply. O Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase O Increased levels of calcium to activate pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase O Phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase O Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex O Increased levels of NADH to activate citrate synthase O Increased levels of NADH to inhibit alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex O Increased levels of acetyl CoA to activate pyruvate carboxylase for gluconeogenesisIf a person is starving for a prolonged time, an excessive build up of Acetyl CoA ultimately leads to Formation of oxaloacetate FA synthesis Formation of ketone bodies Release of ATP