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How do antigenic changes in viral pathogens promote disease?
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- What is resistance to viral infection?What are the immune responses to viral infections? What is the difference between epidemic and pandemic? The “Spanish Flu” in 1918 was caused by the H1N1 influenza virus. What do the “H” and “N” stand for?Why are antibiotics ineffective against viral infections?
- Decreasing the amount of cytokine produced by the body would most directly prevent what event during the progression of COVID-19 in its host? A). Early viral infection of host cells. B). Replication of infected cells. C). Excessive damage to lung cells by the hot immune system. D). Transmission of the virus from one host to another.What are the mechanisms by which viruses are able to evade host immune responses and establish persistent infections, and what strategies can be developed to target these mechanisms and improve treatment outcomes for chronic viral infections such as hepatitis B and C, HIV, and herpes simplex?Which of the following processes occurs in both lytic and nonlytic viral infections?(i) Infected cell ruptures to release viral particles.(ii) Viral mRNAs are transcribed by the host-cell translation machinery.(iii) Viral proteins and nucleic acids are packaged to produce virions.
- What role do the host cells proteases play in infection, i.e., in viruses gainging access to the host cells cytoplasm?What accounts for the symptoms of viral diseases?a. Which type of viruses can be directly used for translation? a) dsRNA b) Positive ssRNA c) Retroviruses d) Negative ssRNA b. An antiviral drug specifically modifies viral receptors on a eukaryotic host cell. How might this affect the viral reproductive cycle? It would enhance the process of viral apoptosis It would result in the degeneration of the viral capsid It would facilitate the process of viral endocytosis It would prevent the virus from attaching to the host cell